Osseous and Hematopoeitic tissues and blood

Major structural and supportive connective tissue of the body

Bone or Osseous tissue

Forms rigid part of bone organs that make up skeletal system

Bone

Most dynamic structure in the body affected by nutrition and metabolism

Bone

Reservoir for calcium and phosphorus undergoing constant flux

Bone

Responds to injury by rapid healing

Bone

Channels that allow osteocytes to communicate

Canaliculi

Highly vascular connective tissue

Bone

Method of bone growth

Appositional growth

Bone cannot grow interstitially because of

Rigidity due to mineralization

Calcium salts deposited around protein fibers provide

Rigidity

Protein fibers provide

Elasticity and strength

Functions of osseous tissue include support, movement, protection, storage, and blood formation

Osseous tissue

Formation of blood cells in the bone marrow

Hematopoiesis

Bone-forming cells that deposit type I collagen

Osteoblasts

Main mineral in bone matrix

Hydroxyapatite

Combination of hard mineral and collagen makes bone

Strong but not brittle

Basic functional unit of compact bone

Osteon or Haversian system

Concentric layers surrounding a central canal

Lamellae

Central canal containing nerves and blood vessels

Haversian canal

Boundary of an osteon

Cement line

Angular intervals between adjoining osteons occupied by remnants of old osteons

Interstitial lamellae

Lamellae arranged parallel to the surface are called

Circumferential lamellae

Bone cells that develop from osteoblasts and live in lacunae

Osteocytes

Tiny canals connecting osteocytes for nutrient and waste exchange

Canaliculi

Collagen fibers in some lamellae run parallel, in others oblique

Collagen fiber arrangement

Osteons connected to periosteum and each other by oblique channels

Volkmann’s or perforating canals

Bone developing directly from mesenchymal connective tissue

Intramembranous bone

Bone developing from pre-existing cartilage replaced by cancellous bone

Endochondral bone

Bone tissue vs Bone organ difference

Bone tissue = mineral matrix, Bone organ = includes marrow, vessels, nerves

Type of bone forming hard exterior

Compact or cortical bone

Type of bone filling hollow interior

Spongy or cancellous bone

Support for muscles, organs, and soft tissues

Function of bone

Leverage and movement

Function of bone

Protection of vital organs

Function of bone

Storage of calcium phosphate

Function of bone

Formation of blood cells in spongy bone

Function of bone

is a connective tissue with cells separated by plasma

Blood or Hematopoietic tissue

Liquid part of blood that suspends cells

Plasma

Plasma makes up about this percent of total blood volume

55 percent

Main component of plasma

Water

Percentage of water in plasma

92 percent

Proteins dissolved in plasma

Albumin, globulin, fibrinogen

Plasma without clotting factors

Serum

Plasma ________, serum ________

clots while serum doesnt

Serves as protein reserve of the body and maintains osmotic balance

Plasma

Cells produced by hematopoiesis

Hematocytes

Three categories of blood cells

Erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes

Percentage of total blood volume occupied by cells

45 percent

Main component of red blood cells

Hemoglobin

Hemoglobin function

Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide

Shape of mature red blood cell in mammals

Biconcave disc

RBC lifespan in humans

100 to 120 days

Site of red blood cell production

Bone marrow

RBC reaction in hypotonic solution

Swells and becomes spherical

RBC reaction in hypertonic solution

Shrinks and becomes crenated

Flexible, oval, anucleated blood cells rich in hemoglobin

Red blood cells

Efficient gas transporters due to biconcave form and lack of nucleus

Red blood cells

Cells of immune system defending against infection

White blood cells

Main categories of white blood cells

Granulocytes and Agranulocytes

Increase of white blood cells above normal

Leukocytosis

Decrease of white blood cells below normal

Leukopenia

White blood cells derived from multipotent hematopoietic stem cell

Leukocytes

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes with granules in cytoplasm

Granulocytes

Granulocytes include

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils

Agranulocytes include

Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Macrophages

First line of defense among WBC

Neutrophils

Phagocytosis and enzymatic destruction of invaders

Neutrophil

Main cell involved in allergic reactions and parasite killing

Eosinophil

Cell mediating allergic responses

Basophil

Cells responsible for antibody production

B-lymphocytes

Cells responsible for killing infected cells

Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes

Largest white blood cell

Monocyte

Monocyte cytoplasm appearance

Gray-blue “dishwater” color

Monocyte nucleus shape

Indented or kidney-shaped

Monocyte function

Differentiate into macrophages

Small anuclear fragments of megakaryocytes

Platelets

Function of platelets

Blood clotting

Platelet lifespan

About 10 days

Diameter of platelets

About 2 micrometers

Stem cells forming all blood cells

Hematopoietic stem cells

Stem cells that can form any cell type including placenta

Totipotent stem cells

Stem cells that can form any tissue type but not full organism

Pluripotent stem cells

Stem cells that can form different types within a given lineage

Multipotent stem cells

Stem cells limited to few cell types

Oligopotent stem cells

Stem cells fully specialized for one cell type

Unipotent stem cells

Adult stem cells found in bone marrow

Hematopoietic stem cells

Flat bones like cranium form by

Intramembranous ossification

Long bones like femur form by

Endochondral ossification