Exam 2: Pathophys pt 1

These flashcards cover key vocabulary and concepts related to acid-base balance and pulmonary function as discussed in the lecture.

Acid-base balance

Determined by analysis of arterial blood gases for the regulation of pH, CO2, and HCO3.

Normal pH range

7.35-7.45, indicating the acidity or alkalinity of blood.

PaCO2

Partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood, normal range is 35-45 mmHg.

HCO3

Bicarbonate level in blood, with a normal range of 22-26 mEq/L.

Respiratory acidosis

Characterized by low pH and high PCO2, often due to hypoventilation.

Respiratory alkalosis

High pH and low PCO2, typically caused by hyperventilation.

Metabolic acidosis

Low pH and decreased HCO3, resulting from conditions like lactic acidosis or diabetic ketoacidosis.

Metabolic alkalosis

High pH and high HCO3, often related to conditions like vomiting or losing gastric secretions.

Compensation in acid-base balance

The body's mechanism to restore normal pH by adjusting CO2 and HCO3 levels.

Dyspnea

Subjective sensation of difficulty breathing.

Orthopnea

Difficulty breathing when lying down.

Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

Sudden shortness of breath at night, often seen in heart failure.

Hypoxia

Decreased oxygen delivery to tissues, can result in symptoms like cyanosis and chest pain.

Hypoxemia

Low oxygen levels in the blood.

Ischemia

Tissue damage caused by inadequate oxygen, typically before necrosis.

Kussmaul's respiration

Abnormal breathing pattern, rapid and deep, compensating for metabolic acidosis.

Cheyne-Stokes respiration

Pattern of breathing characterized by cycles of apnea and gradual increases and decreases in rate and depth of respiration.

V-Q mismatch

Ventilation-perfusion mismatch leading to hypoxia and respiratory acidosis.

Pneumothorax

Condition where air accumulates in the pleural space, causing lung collapse.

Obstructive sleep apnea

Sleep disorder characterized by repeated airway obstruction, leading to bradycardia and other symptoms.

Pulmonary embolism

Blockage in the pulmonary arteries, often due to deep vein thrombosis (DVT).

Chronic bronchitis

A chronic respiratory condition characterized by cough and mucus production.

Emphysema

Progressive lung disease characterized by chronic obstruction and destruction of the alveoli.

Acute bronchitis

Infection causing inflammation of the larger airways, typically viral.

Tuberculosis

Contagious bacterial infection primarily affecting the lungs, requiring long-term treatment.

Heart failure

Inadequate perfusion of tissues due to cardiac dysfunction, manifesting in various symptoms.

Clinical manifestation of impaired pulmonary function

Dyspnea, abnormal breathing patterns, cough, cyanosis, chest pain, and clubbing.

Biot's respiration

Irregular breathing characterized by groups of quick, shallow inspirations followed by periods of apnea.

Apneustic respiration

Prolonged inspiratory phase with a pause at full inspiration, followed by a short exhalation.

Hypoventilation

Inadequate alveolar ventilation relative to metabolic demands, leading to increased PaCO2 and respiratory acidosis.

Causes of V-Q mismatch

Conditions like pulmonary embolism (high V/Q) or pneumonia/atelectasis (low V/Q).

Upper airway obstruction common sites

Nose, nasopharynx, oropharynx, larynx, and trachea.

STOP BANG questionnaire for sleep apnea

An acronym to screen for obstructive sleep apnea:

• Snore

• Tired

• Observed apnea

• Pressure (high blood pressure)

• BMI (BMI > 25kg/m^2)

• Age (age > 50 years)

• Neck circumference (large neck circumference)

• Gender (male gender)

Chest trauma

A contributing factor in about 50% of deaths that experience unintentional traumatic injuries consists of pulmonary contusion, rib fracture, pneumothorax, hemothorax, and tension pneumothorax 

Pulmonary contusion

Bruising of the lung tissue caused by chest trauma, leading to alveolar hemorrhage and edema.

Rib fracture complications

Pain, impaired ventilation, pneumothorax, hemothorax, and injury to internal organs.

Restrictive lung diseases

A group of disorders characterized by reduced lung volumes and decreased compliance, such as pulmonary fibrosis.

Left-sided heart failure clinical manifestations

Primarily pulmonary symptoms due to back-up of blood into the lungs: dyspnea, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, cough, and crackles.

Right-sided heart failure clinical manifestations

Systemic symptoms due to back-up of blood into the venous circulation: peripheral edema, jugular venous distention, hepatosplenomegaly, and ascites.

Types of shock

Cardiogenic, hypovolemic, distributive (septic, neurogenic, anaphylactic), and obstructive.

Hs and Ts of cardiac arrest

Reversible causes of cardiac arrest:

• Hs: Hypovolemia, Hypoxia, Hydrogen ion (acidosis), Hypo-/Hyperkalemia, Hypothermia

• Ts: Toxins, Tamponade (cardiac), Tension pneumothorax, Thrombosis (coronary or pulmonary)