Textbook

Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID)

An eating disorder characterized by an extreme restriction of food intake and avoidance of food due to its sensory characteristics.

Binge Eating Disorder (BED)

An eating disorder marked by recurrent episodes of eating large quantities of food, often quickly and to the point of discomfort.

Other Specified Feeding or Eating Disorder (OSFED)

An eating disorder diagnosis for atypical feeding or eating concerns that cause distress but do not meet full criteria for any specific disorder.

Core psychopathology in eating disorders

The shared underlying issues in eating disorders, including the overvaluation of shape, weight, and control over eating.

Fairburn’s transdiagnostic theory

Suggests that eating disorders share common mechanisms and should be treated similarly because they have overlapping psychopathological features.

Anorexia Nervosa (AN) vs. Bulimia Nervosa (BN)

AN is characterized by significantly low body weight, while BN involves normal or excess weight with bingeing and purging.

Dietary restraint in AN

The primary behavior in anorexia, including skipping meals and avoiding certain food groups.

Cognitive distortions in AN

Misjudgments about body size leading to denial of illness and resistance to treatment.

Physical consequences of malnutrition

Effects such as slowed heart rate, low blood pressure, brittle hair, amenorrhea, and cold intolerance.

Key symptom of bulimia nervosa

Recurrent binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors like vomiting or excessive exercise.

Triggers for binge eating

Negative emotions, dietary restrictions, body dissatisfaction, and boredom often lead to binge episodes.

Interoceptive awareness

The ability to recognize internal bodily signals which is often impaired in individuals with eating disorders.

Factors promoting the 'thin ideal'

Media exposure, peer pressure, family influences, and perfectionistic traits contribute to the adoption of the thin ideal.

Family traits in eating disorders

Includes high levels of control or criticism from parents, low emotional warmth, poor communication, and enmeshment.

Genetic studies and eating disorders

Twin studies show a significant heritability for eating disorders, particularly in females, indicating a biological sensitivity.

Bipolar Disorder

A mental health disorder characterized by extreme mood swings that include emotional highs (mania or hypomania) and lows (depression).

Criteria A symptoms of manic episodes

Manic episodes involve elated, expansive, or irritable moods and increased goal-directed behavior.

Criteria B symptoms of manic episodes

Include inflated self-esteem, decreased need for sleep, racing thoughts, impulsive behavior, increased energy, and distractibility.

Hypomanic episode duration

Defined as symptoms lasting at least 4 days, without causing severe functional impairment.

Manic episode duration

Symptoms persist for at least one week and cause significant functional impairment.

Mixed episode definition

Presence of both manic and depressive symptoms occurring simultaneously.

Social Rhythm Stability Hypothesis

Disruptions in daily routines can trigger mood episodes in individuals with bipolar disorder.

Expressed Emotion (EE)

Family dynamics characterized by high criticism, hostility, and emotional overinvolvement, linked to worsening of bipolar symptoms.

Premorbid symptoms of schizophrenia

Behaviors or traits present before observable signs of schizophrenia, often subtle and non-specific.

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia

Psychotic symptoms indicating a break from reality, such as hallucinations and delusions.

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia

Reduction in emotional response, motivation, and speech; involving flat affect and anhedonia.

Cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia

Subtle but damaging symptoms affecting attention, memory, and social cognition.

Sensory gating in schizophrenia

Impaired ability to filter out unnecessary stimuli, leading to difficulty concentrating.

Season-of-birth effect in schizophrenia

Increased risk of developing schizophrenia for individuals born in winter or early spring.

De novo mutation

A new DNA mutation that appears in an individual without a family history.

Dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia

Suggests that schizophrenia results from excessive dopamine activity.

Glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia

Suggests schizophrenia may be linked to too little glutamate activity, particularly at NMDA receptors.

Trauma memories in PTSD

Differentiates between Verbally Accessible Memory (VAM) and Situationally Accessible Memory (SAM).

Intrusion symptoms of PTSD

Involuntary and distressing memories or flashbacks related to a traumatic event.

Avoidance symptoms of PTSD

Efforts to avoid reminders of trauma, leading to social withdrawal and emotional numbing.

Negative alterations in mood and cognition in PTSD

Includes persistent negative beliefs and emotional numbness.

Arousal and reactivity symptoms in PTSD

Heightened arousal including irritability and hypervigilance affecting daily functioning.

Internalizing subtype of PTSD

Characterized by anxiety and depression, leading individuals to blame themselves.

Externalizing subtype of PTSD

Characterized by aggression and risky behavior, leading individuals to act out.

Low pathology subtype of PTSD

Fewer symptoms and better emotional regulation, possibly overlooked in treatment.

Three Shattered Assumptions

Beliefs that are often shattered by trauma, including that the world is benevolent, meaningful, and the self is worthy.

Personal vs. Impersonal trauma

Personal trauma involves direct harm, while impersonal trauma does not target the individual specifically.

PTSD and marital impact

PTSD can lead to higher rates of divorce and relationship conflicts due to emotional symptoms.

Brewin’s two types of traumatic memory

VAM involves easily recalled memories, while SAM involves fragmented and intense memories linked to distress.

Janoff-Bulman’s assumptions

The belief in a benevolent world, meaningful life events, and self-worth that can be shattered by trauma.

Bipolar disorder prevalence

Afflicts about 1 in 25 individuals, leading to significant psychosocial impairment.

Cognitive distortions in AN treatment

Complicates treatment due to patient denial of illness and distorted self-perception.

Electrolyte imbalances

Common physical consequence of frequent binging and purging.

Recurrent binge eating in BN

Followed by compensatory behaviors such as vomiting or excessive exercise.

High Control family traits

Associated with increased risk for eating disorders and is common among patients.

Low interoceptive awareness in EDs

Leads to inability to recognize hunger cues and emotional responses.

Family influence on eating disorders

Factors like control and criticism from parents contribute to the development of eating disorders.

Binge triggers in BN

Include negative emotions, previous dietary restraint, and social isolation.

Nutritional deficiencies

Caused by restrictive eating patterns, leading to a variety of health issues.

Cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia

Subtle but crucial for everyday functioning, impacting concentration and decision-making.

Psychosocial stressors

Contribute to aggravating symptoms in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.