BIO100 LAB FINAL EXAM

During metaphase, ____________.

 chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

 the nuclear envelope breaks up

 centromeres divide

 sister chromatids separate

chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

Mitosis results in 2 haploid daughter cells, normally found in human sexual reproductive organs (e.g. sperm and egg). 

True

False

False

Cancer is a disease that is typically associated with

 parasitic infections

 a single mutation in a single gene

 the accumulation of many mutations

 a healthy diet and regular exercise

the accumulation of many mutations

The correct sequence of stages of mitosis is ______.

 prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

 interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

 anaphase, interphase, prophase, metaphase, telophase

 telophase, prophase, interphase, anaphase, metaphase

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Homologous chromosomes ______.

carry the same versions of all genes

carry genes controlling the same inherited characteristics

are a set of chromosomes that the cell received from one parent

include only the autosomes

carry genes controlling the same inherited characteristics

Ordinary cell division produces two daughter cells that are genetically identical. This type of cell division is important for all of the following functions except: 

 production of sperm and eggs

 cell replacement

 asexual reproduction

 growth of a multicellular organism

 

production of sperm and eggs

The chromosomes of eukaryotic cells are found in the __________.

 nucleus

centriole

centrosome

 Golgi apparatus

nucleus

The correct sequence of stages of mitosis is: 

 prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

 telophase, prophase, anaphase, metaphase

 anaphase, interphase, prophase, metaphase, telophase

 interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

During metaphase, ____________.

 chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

 the nuclear envelope breaks up

 centromeres divide

 sister chromatids separate

chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

Sexual reproduction in humans _______________.

 

allows a haploid sperm cell to fertilize a haploid egg cell

 

produces a haploid individual

 

produces an individual with 23 chromosomes

 

combines two diploid gametes, producing a zygote

allows a haploid sperm cell to fertilize a haploid egg cell

Crossing over in prophase I of meiosis results in ___________. 

 

genetic recombination

 

nondisjunction

 

reciprocal translocation

 

duplication

genetic recombination

Mitosis results in 2 haploid daughter cells, normally found in human sexual reproductive organs (e.g. sperm and egg). 

 

True

 

False

False

Mitosis normally produces...

 

cells with twice as many chromosomes as the parent cell

 

cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell

 

cells with one quarter the number of chromosomes as the parent cell

 

cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell

cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell

A duplicated chromosome consists of two _________________. 

 

sister chromatids

 

genomes

 

centromeres

 

centrosomes

sister chromatids

The best definition of a purebred plant is one that ______.

 

produces sterile offspring when cross-fertilized

 

self-fertilizes to produce hybrid offspring

 

cannot be cross-fertilized

 

self-fertilizes to produce offspring identical to the parent

self-fertilizes to produce offspring identical to the parent

In humans, the presence or absence of dimples is a trait controlled by a single gene. What is the genotype of an individual who is heterozygous for dimples?

 

DD

 

Dd

 

DI

 

dd

Dd

An individual who is homozygous ______.

 

expresses the recessive trait

 

carries two copies of the same allele for a gene

 

expresses the dominant trait

 

carries two different alleles for a gene

carries two copies of the same allele for a gene

Which of these crosses will only produce heterozygous offspring?

 

AA × Aa

 

AA × aa

 

Aa × Aa

 

Aa × aa

AA × aa

What name is given to the specific location of a gene on a chromosome?

 

chromaddress

 

locus

 

allele

 

genotype

locus

Round seeds (R) are dominant to wrinkled seeds (r), and yellow seeds (Y) are dominant to green seeds (y). What is the expected phenotypic ratio of a cross between an RrYy and an rryy individual?

 

1:2:1

 

1:1:1:1

 

9:3:3:1

 

3:1

1:1:1:1

The genetic makeup of an individual is called its ____________, and the physical traits of an individual are called its _____________. 

 

genotype...phenotype

 

phenotype...genotype

 

gene trait...morpho trait

 

characteristic...genotype

genotype...phenotype

Alleles are described as __________________. 

 alternate versions of a gene

 homologous chromosomes

 environmental factors that affect gene expression

 alternate phenotypes

alternate versions of a gene

Which of the following is true of genetically modified (GM) corn?

 it is less genetically diverse than non-GM corn

 it is less flavorful than non-GM corn

 it is less nutritious than non-GM corn

 it is less likely to lead to large companies ‘cornering' the corn market

it is less genetically diverse than non-GM corn

A couple has two female children. What is the probability that their next child will be male?

 50%

 33%

 67%

 25%

50%

The genetic makeup of an individual is called its ____________, and the physical traits of an individual are called its _____________. 

genotype...phenotype

phenotype...genotype

 gene trait...morpho trait

 characteristic...genotype

genotype...phenotype

For most traits, a person has two _________ for every _________.

 genes, allele

 alleles, gene

 chromosomes, allele

 genes, chromosome

alleles, gene

According to Mendel's law of segregation, ______________. 

 gametes have one allele copy for each gene

 two alleles segregate into each gamete

 gametes are diploid

 gametes carry only dominant alleles

gametes have one allele copy for each gene

In humans, the presence or absence of dimples is a trait controlled by a single gene. What is the genotype of an individual that is heterozygous for dimples?

 Dd

 DD

 dd

 DI

 Dd

An individual who is homozygous __________________.  

carries two copies of the same allele for a gene

 expresses the dominant trait

 carries two different alleles for a gene

 expresses the recessive trait

carries two copies of the same allele for a gene

Which of these crosses will produce only heterozygous offspring?

 AA x aa

AA x Aa

 Aa x Aa

 Aa x aa

AA x aa

What name is given to the specific location of a gene one a chromosome?

locus

phenotype

genotype

allele

locus

A couple has two female children. What is the probability that their next child will be male?

 50%

 25%

 33%

 67%

50%

From the video The Search for a Mutated Gene, the patient, Sam, was diagnosed with what disorder?

retinitis pigmentosa

 retinitis aumerosis

 viral pigmentosa

 leber aumerosis

retinitis pigmentosa

Doctors were NOT able to treat a patient with Leber congenital amaurosis with gene therapy. 

 True

 False

 False

Alleles are described as __________________. 

 alternate versions of a gene

 homologous chromosomes

 environmental factors that affect gene expression

 alternate phenotypes

 alternate versions of a gene

If one strand of a DNA molecule has the sequence G-A-T-T-A-C-A, what is the sequence of the complementary strand?

C-T-A-A-T-G-T

G-A-T-T-A-C-A

C-U-A-A-U-G-U

O C-A-T-T-A-G-A

C-T-A-A-T-G-T

Select all of the correct statements. (Choose all that apply)

Complementary strands in a DNA molecule are held together by covalent bonds.

Nucleotides of a single DNA strand are held together by covalent bonds,

Nucleotides of a single DNA strand are held together by hydrogen bonds.

Complementary strands in a DNA molecule are held together by hydrogen bonds.

Nucleotides of a single DNA strand are held together by covalent bonds.

Complementary strands in a DNA molecule are held together by hydrogen bonds.

The genetic makeup of an individual is called its individual are called its

_, and the physical traits of an

phenotype...genotype

gene trait...morpho trait

characteristic...genotype

genotype...phenotype

genotype...phenotype

According to Mendel's law of segregation,

gametes are diploid

gametes carry only dominant alleles

two alleles segregate into each gamete

gametes have one allele copy for each gene

gametes have one allele copy for each gene

An individual who is homozygous

carries two copies of the same allele for a gene

expresses the dominant trait

carries two different alleles for a gene

expresses the recessive trait

carries two copies of the same allele for a gene

Which of these crosses will produce only heterozygous offspring?

AA x Aa

Aa x Aa

AA x aa

Aa x aa

AA x aa

A couple has two female children. What is the probability that their next child will be male?

67%

25%.

33%.


50%


50%

You are attempting to see if a suspect is associated with a crime. The only evidence you have is a tiny drop of blood from the crime scene, which is not enough to run an analysis. How can you increase your crime scene DNA sample?

You can use gel electrophoresis to determine the length of the DNA found in the sample.

You can collect DNA from everyone who was near the crime scene.

You can use PCR to increase the amount of DNA.

You can use restriction enzymes to cut the DNA sample into multiple copies.

You can use PCR to increase the amount of DNA

Gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments on the basis of differences in their?

color


length

pH

temperature

length

STR analysis is a DNA profiling technique that makes use of the fact that different people have

different alleles for many genes in the genome.

mostly the same genes in their genome

different numbers of repeats of short DNA sequences at certain sites in the genome.

mostly different genes in their genome

same numbers of repeats of short DNA sequences at certain sites in the genome.

different numbers of repeats of short DNA sequences at certain sites in the genome.

Which of the following people would have identical DNA fingerprints? Choose ALL that are correct.

identical twins

fraternal twins

sisters

brothers

identical twins

The wells that contain the DNA samples are placed next to the negatively charged electrode in the electrophoresis box (chamber) because _-..

DNA is positively charged

DNA is negatively charged

DNA has no electrical charge

DNA strands have both a positive and a negative charge

DNA is negatively charged

DNA and RNA are polymers composed of ______ monomers.

 

fatty acid

 

amino acid

 

carbohydrate

 

nucleotide

nucleotide

How many nucleotides make up a codon?

 

three

 

two

 

four

 

five

three

The shared genetic code of all life on Earth is evidence that ______.

 

all life shares a common ancestry

 

the genetic code arose relatively late in the history of life on Earth

 

DNA replication is error-free

 

bacterial cells arose earlier than eukaryotic cells

all life shares a common ancestry

Transcription is the ______.

 

modification of a strand of RNA prior to the manufacture of a protein

 

manufacture of a protein based on information carried by RNA

 

manufacture of two new DNA double helices that are identical to an old DNA double helix

 

manufacture of a strand of mRNA complementary to a strand of DNA

manufacture of a strand of mRNA complementary to a strand of DNA

The correct sequence of events occurring during transcription is ______.

 

elongation, initiation, termination

 

tailing, capping, splicing

 

splicing, capping, tailing

 

initiation, elongation, termination

initiation, elongation, termination

Where is translation accomplished?

 

ribosomes

 

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

 

nucleoli

 

lysosomes

ribosomes

RNA contains the nitrogenous base __________ instead of _________, which is only in DNA 

 

uracil...guanine

 

uracil...thymine

 

deoxyribose sugar...ribose sugar

 

thymine...uracil

uracil...thymine

If one strand of a DNA double helix has the sequence GTCCAT, what is the sequence of the other strand?

 

CAGGTA

 

CAGGUA

 

ACTTGC

 

TGAACG

CAGGTA

Evidence for the spiral structure of DNA came from ________. 

 

Watson's research of bacteria

 

Crick's research on base rules

 

Rosalind Franklin's X-ray crystallography studies

 

Bacteriophages

Rosalind Franklin's X-ray crystallography studies

The correct sequence of events occurring during transcription is ______.

 

tailing, capping, splicing

 

splicing, capping, tailing

 

initiation, elongation, termination

 

elongation, initiation, termination

initiation, elongation, termination

Which is the correct order of events during gene expression?

 

DNA is used to make protein, which is used to make RNA

 

DNA is used to make RNA, which is used to make protein

 

RNA is used to make DNA, which is used to make protein

 

Protein is used to make RNA, which is used to make DNA

DNA is used to make RNA, which is used to make protein

What is the purpose of gene therapy?

 

to deliver viruses to infect and kill damaged tissue

 

to send oxygen to starved tissues, creating more DNA

 

to deliver corrected DNA to cells that have gene mutations causing disease

 

to send mutated DNA to quicken the onset of a disease

to deliver corrected DNA to cells that have gene mutations causing disease

From the Central Dogma and Genetic Medicine activity: What is the purpose of CRISPR-Cas9? 

 

CRISPR is used to deliver damaged RNA to the cell

 

CRISPR is used to synthesize small pieces of RNAi

 

CRISPR is used to edit the DNA of a cell, like a molecular scalpel

 

CRISPR is used to create mutations causing muscle damage

CRISPR is used to edit the DNA of a cell, like a molecular scalpel

From the Central Dogma and Genetic Medicine activity: Which of the following genetic therapies was discussed when discussing Huntington's Disease? 

 

RNA Interference

 

Gene Switches

 

CRISPR-Cas9

 

Small molecule drugs

RNA Interference

From the Central Dogma and Genetic Medicine activity: Which of the following genetic therapies was discussed when discussing Cystic Fibrosis? 

 

exon skipping

 

RNA interference

 

small molecule drugs

 

CRISPR-Cas9

small molecule drugs

From our Case Study on Kimberly:

____________________ is a devastating illness that affects the lungs, pancreas, and intestines-- often causing them to fill with mucus.

In 1989, researchers discovered that the disease is caused by a mutation in a gene that produces a protein that channels chloride across cellular membranes. People with two copies (or alleles) of the mutated gene have a buildup of mucus in the lungs, intestines, and other organs due to nonfunctioning or absent channel proteins. 

Researchers have found that small-molecule drugs are able to interact directly with disease-causing proteins, blocking their negative effects. 

 

Sickle cell anemia

 

Leber congenital amaurosis

 

Huntington's disease

 

Cystic fibrosis

Cystic fibrosis

Natural selection can be defined as ______.

the evolution of a population of organisms

the production of more offspring than can survive in a given environment

 

a process in which organisms with certain inherited traits are more likely to survive and reproduce than individuals with other traits

 

a process in which changes in gene frequencies result from evolution

a process in which organisms with certain inherited traits are more likely to survive and reproduce than individuals with other traits

Homology is evidence of ______.

 

common ancestry

natural selection

 convergent evolution

biogeography

common ancestry

The similarity of the embryos of fish, frogs, birds, and humans is evidence of ______.

analogy

genetic drift

convergent evolution

common ancestry

common ancestry

The smallest biological unit that can evolve is the ______.

phylum

population

individual

 species

population

The original source of genetic variation that serves as the raw material for natural selection is __________. 

gene flow

mutation

random fertilization

geographic isolation

mutation

Genetic drift is the result of __________. 

 a large gene pool

environmental variation

chance

natural selection

chance

Gene flow is accomplished by __________. 

migration

 natural selection

mutation

sexual recombination

migration

What are these shells illustrating? They are all the same species (Polymita picta). 

that there is variation at the species level

 that all individuals might look different but have the same exact genome

that there is no true variation in individuals

that there is variation in the level of the individual

that there is variation in the level of the individual

Select all that apply: 

What is the evidence that supports the theory of evolution by natural selection? 

Fossils

Anatomy and physiology

Explanations of organisms in old books

Biogeography

Molecular biology

Drawings of an organism

Fossils, Anatomy and physiology, Biogeography, Molecular biology

Fill in the blank: 

Genetic drift can also be magnified by natural or human-caused events, such as a disaster that randomly kills a large portion of the population, which is known as the ________________ that results in a large portion of the genome suddenly being wiped out

random mating effect

bottleneck effect

gene flow effect

density dependent effect

bottleneck effect

From the interactive video: Great Transitions, 

Which of the following traits can be used to differentiate humans from our closest living primate relatives? Select all that apply.

 grasping hands

bipedality

large brain size

extensive tool use

ability to care for young

bipedality

large brain size

extensive tool use

From the interactive video: Great Transitions

The conclusion that the common ancestor of modern chips and modern humans lived around 7 million years ago is supported by which of the following lines of evidence? 

stone tools have been found that date back to 7 million years

 scientists estimate that it would take about 7 million years for chips to evolve into humans

  scientists estimate it would take about 7 million years to go from an early hominid brain size to human brain size

  analysis of modern human and modern chimpanzee protein and DNA suggests that their lineages diverged about 7 million years ago

analysis of modern human and modern chimpanzee protein and DNA suggests that their lineages diverged about 7 million years ago

From the interactive video: Great Transitions

Which of the following are accurate statements regarding human evolution? Select all that apply.

the first humans evolved in Africa

once humans evolved to walk on two limbs, they stopped evolving

 the fossil record contains animals with features that are intermediate between those of modern humans and quadrupedal apes

in the most recent phase of human evolution, there has been a greater reliance on culture

the first humans evolved in Africa

the fossil record contains animals with features that are intermediate between those of modern humans and quadrupedal apes

in the most recent phase of human evolution, there has been a greater reliance on culture

How do scientists know that the hominid called "Ardi" is about 4.4 million years old? 

by analyzing volcanic deposits below the layer containing Ardi

By comparing Ardi's DNA to human DNA

By looking at Ardi's anatomy

By comparing the stone tools found in the same sediment as Ardi to other stone tools of known age

by analyzing volcanic deposits below the layer containing Ardi

Biological species consist of groups of ______.

genera

domains

families

populations

populations

Evolution can happen in...

a single bacterial cell

a frozen sample of cells 

a strain of flu virus spreading in a population 

a population with no genetic variation

a strain of flu virus spreading in a population

Over the past 60 years, many amphibian species have experienced significant population declines and some species have become extinct. Scientists suspected that local human activities such as the destruction of wetlands, regional pollution, and deforestation were the main reasons for these losses. However, research over the past 20 years reveals significant amphibian population declines in protected areas of the world, such as nature preserves and parks. These global declines suggest widespread problems including increased ultraviolet radiation, acid rain, and disease. In Switzerland, for example, 14 of the 20 native amphibian species are threatened with extinction.

Some biologists urge the collection of the few remaining individuals of some of the most threatened amphibian species, to preserve them if they become extinct in the wild. If such captive breeding programs could produce thousands of individuals from just a few of the remaining survivors, the species will still be threatened because of ______.

the founder effect

mutations

artificial selection

a bottleneck effect

artificial selection

Natural selection can be defined as ____________. 

a process in which organisms with certain inherited traits are more likely to survive and reproduce than individuals with other traits

the evolution of a population of organisms

the production of more offspring than can survive in an environment

  a process that changes that changes gene frequencies in an individual

a process in which organisms with certain inherited traits are more likely to survive and reproduce than individuals with other traits

Evolutionary trees (phylogenies) represent a succession of related species, with the most recent at the tips of the branches. Each branch point represents a common ancestor of all species that radiate from it. 

True

False

True

Homology is evidence of ______.

convergent evolution

natural selection

 common ancestry

biogeography

common ancestry

Which of the following is true about variation?

 Mutations always reduce variation.

Sexual reproduction reduces variation.

individual Variation is necessary for natural selection to occur.

Species with more variation are more likely to go extinct.

individual Variation is necessary for natural selection to occur

Ecology is the study of?

interactions between organisms and their environments

If you study how two species of finches compete for food, you are trying to answer a question about?

community ecology

What level of ecology is concerned with groups of individuals of the same species?

population

What is population?

a group of organisms of the same species living in a particular geographic area

which of these is a community?

all the people living in your neighborhood

What level of ecology is concerned with both the biotic and abiotic aspects of an environment?

ecosystem

What level of ecology is concerned with both the biotic and abiotic aspects of an environment?

ecosystem

Bears eat berries, humans, and large fish; large fish eat smaller fish and insects; humans eat bears, large fish, and berries; Venus flytraps eat insects. The scenario described here is an example of?

a food web

A symbiotic relationship where both of the co-existing species benefit from the interaction is called

mutualism

In an ideal, unlimited environment, a population's growth follows a(n) model?

exponential

Match each type of ecological relationship with it's appropriate example.

mutualism

flowers depend on bees to polinate them.

Match each type of ecological relationship with it's appropriate example.

commensalism

barnacles catch a ride with a whale not hurting them

Match each type of ecological relationship with it's appropriate example.

parasitism

mosquitoes bite humans for their blood and humans dont like it

Match each type of ecological relationship with it's appropriate example.

predation

a lion catches a deer for dinner

the atmosphere is approximately 80% ___ gas.

CH4

N2

CO2

H2O

N2

Plants can utilize the ____ form of nitrogen.

N2

thiol

nitrate

amino

nitrate