Paper 3

USA Containment and its implication

Truman Doctrine; Korean and Vietnam War; expensive arms race; Marshall Plan

USA containment and its implication on latin america

Rio Conference for collective security; OAS for hemispheric and military unity against communism

McCarthyism effect on domestic/foreign policies

-       FBI created; Democrats losing, like 1952 elections with Eisenhower as president; Hundreds of people lost their jobs and censorship; US involvement in Korean War

Social and cultural impact of Cold War

-       Everyday schoolchildren practicing hiding under desks ‘Bert the Turtle’

-       Hollywood depicted anti-communism and fears of nuclear holocaust

-       Congress added ‘under God’ to the pledge

-       National Defense Education Act funded more opportunities for scientists and mathematicians for weaponry

Reasons for Korean War participation

-       Rampant McCarthyism

-       Domino effect

-       USSR successful atomic bomb test and CCP winning

-       NSC-68 depicted the world as ideologically divided and the US needing to mobilize against communism

Military Developments of Korean War

-       US Inchon Landing retook Seoul (capital)

-       China entered war to help North Korea, forcing ROK/UN forces to retreat at a standstill

-       UN/ROK/US forces pushed to Pusan Perimeter

-       Armistice signed in ’53 dividing Korea into north and south

Diplomatic and political outcomes of Korean War

-     Intensified McCarthyism

-       Damaged Truman’s presidency because of war’s inflation and failure to obtain declaration of war, deciding against re-election

-       Deterioration of Sino-American relations

-       Truman accelerating hydrogen bomb program and Germany rearmament

Eisenhower’s New Look characteristics

-       US reliance of nuclear weapons rather than conventional forces

-       Rollback of pushing back communism

Eisenhower’s New Look reasoning

-      Believed US power depended on economic success, rather than military spending which led to inflation

-       To even out demands of US military (wanted to spend more) and Treasury (wanted to spend less)

-       ‘More bank for a buck’

Eisenhower New Look effects

-       NORAD, North American joint aerospace defense command, brought Canada and US closer

-       Inaction in supporting Hungary in anti-communist uprising

-       Overthrew Arbenz in Guatemala to establish a non-communist regime after his agrarian reforms in response to the US United Fruit Company

-       USA military coup in Bolivia made the government pro-American

Reasons for Involvement in Vietnam

-       Truman supported the French as an ally, and that communism couldn’t spread along with the world balance of power in Southeast Asia

-       McCarthyism and losing China created domestic pressure

-       Eisenhower advocated rollback of communism; established south Vietnam in SEATO

Nature of US Involvement at Different Stages of Vietnam

-       Eisenhower aided France with financial and military support and incorporated South Vietnam into SEATO

-       Kennedy helped overthrow Diem and supported the new regime

-       Johnson started air strikes and ‘Rolling Thunder,’ and sent ground troops for the first time

Domestic Effects and End of Vietnam War

-       Nixon’s view changed after Tet Offensive and Sino-Soviet split, tried to implement Vietnamization with South Vietnam taking over war effort to achieve peace with honor

-       Paris Peace Accords got US troops out South Vietnam and ceasefire

-       Vietnam war caused deficits to federal government budget, leading to Johnson’s Great Society being impossible

-       Rise of student anti-war protest and divide of Americans

Canadian protest to Vietnam War

-       Canada provided draft-dodgers a place to stay

-       Student opposition of Vietnam

-       Canada cut participation in NATO and defense budget to protest

-       Pearson, Trudeau, and the House of Commons criticized the 1972 Christmas bombing

Latin American protest to Vietnam War

-       US paid less attention to Latin America; Tricontinental Conference exposed anti-imperialism America and pro-Vietnamese communism

-       Castro supported North Vietnam in a 1966 speech on the Vietnamese struggle

-       Chilean protests exposing economic imperialism in Chile

-       Che Guevara’s support of North Vietnam

Kennedy’s Alliance for Progress

-       Believed that winning over the ‘Third War’ was pivotal in the Cold War

-       Chile saw advances in education and land reforms

-       Each country had deep-rooted issues economically and politically, so limited extent

-       Too American because it sometimes required the purchase of American products

Nixon’s covert operations and Chile

-       Nixon’s administration funded Allende’s political opponents

- Funded strikes in Chile

-       Nixon stopped all economic aid and loans to Chile after Allende was elected

-       Economic warfare and media criticism destabilized Allende’s government and was overthrown by Pinochet

Carter’s quest for human rights and Panama Canal Treaty

-       Creation of Bureau of Human Rights

-       Condemning countries like Chile for human rights violations, governmental reform

-       Carter wouldn’t support refugees from Haiti – still ally

- Ignored human rights abuses in China like the Pol Pot Regime to improve relations

Cuba: reasons for foreign and domestic policies in Cold War

-       Cuba’s economy being a monoculture reliant on sugar. USA high economic control

- Castro wanted fairer society and land reform, and modernize the economy

-       Castro turned to Sovietization of Cuba after anti-American economic domination and American hostility

Cuba: implementation of foreign and domestic policies in Cold War

-       USSR would grant subsidies to help Cuban economy

-       After Bay of Pigs, anti-Americanism grew and Cuba and USSR got closer

-       After Cuban Missile Crisis, Castro upset at Khrushchev not consulting the removal of missiles

-       Cuban aid of Angola was significant to Angola civil war, with Castro aiming to prove that he wasn’t a USSR puppet

Native Americans in the USA and their progress/tactics

-       NCAI as a result of the NAACP’s progress and used litigation to sue for discrimination and breaking treaties

-       Red Power movement as a result of the Black Power movement

-       AIM’s occupation of Wounded Knee caused federal government to listen to Native American concerns

-       Self-Determination Act gave tribes control over their land and education

Origins of civil rights movements for African Americans

-       Reconstruction of South segregation with Jim Crow Laws post-Civil War

-       Involvement in WWI and WWI increased Black consciousness, made aware of discrimination in armed forces

- After the defeat of the South, the black population had theoretical equality in the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendment

-       Truman was sympathetic

US Supreme Court and legal challenges to segregation in education - Brown V. Board

-       Overturned Plessy V. Ferguson

-       No date for compliance of desegregation, so Deep South schools stayed segregated

-       White Citizens Councils formed in South and KKK revitalized

US Supreme Court and legal challenges to segregation in education - Little Rock

-       Garnered a lot of negative media attention

-       Forced Eisenhower to intervene with military

Tactics to end segregation: Montgomery Bus Boycott

-       Importance of black economic power and non-violent action

-       MLK to the forefront, establishing the SCLC

-       Montgomery stayed segregated apart from buses

Tactics to end segregation: March on Washington

-       Largest scale operation that brought attention to civil rights movement globally and nationally

-       First time NAACP and SCLC worked together

Organizations to end segregation: NAACP

-       Little Rock 1957 and navigating legislation in schools

-       Civil Rights Act 1964 prohibited discrimination in public places and legal end of segregation in the South

Organizations to end segregation: SNCC

-       Established Freedom Schools in Mississippi to education and help voter registration

-       Sit-ins had mass mobilization

Role of MLK

-       Media attention against police violence in Birmingham 1963

-       National attention on civil rights during March on Washington speech

-       Meredith March saw the NAACP not wanting to cooperate and the rise of black extremists

-       Failed in SCLC’s Chicago campaign in ghettos not solved

Malcolm X

-       Drew attention to ghetto conditions

-       Role model for black youth through his feelings of rejection and lack of identity in his autobiography

Black Panthers

-       Southern California chapter of the Free Breakfast program served more than 1700 meals weekly to ghettos

-       The Black Panthers helped set up ghetto clinics to advise on health, welfare, and legal rights

Role of US government in civil rights movement

-       1964 Civil Rights Act and 1965 Voting Rights act ended de jure segregation ensured voting in the south

-       Desegregation of the army exacerbated by the Korean War

Role of Bolivian government in civil rights movement

-       Military governments promoted indigenista teachers

-       Peasant cooperative movement in Cochabamba forced the government to realize the lack of attention to indigenous populations

Reasons for emergence of USA feminist movements

-       19 million women in the workforce after WWII, women aware of economic pressure of inequality

-       Inequality in law or practice

-       Activist tradition before 1960s

Significance of feminist movements in USA

-       NOW created to enforce legislation through campaigns, strikes, and litigation

-       Roe V. Wade gave abortion rights

Reasons for emergence of Canada feminist movement

-       Lack of voting rights, employment opportunities

-       Low-paid jobs in workforce

Significance of Canada feminist movement

-       Divorce laws were liberalized and abortion allowed with varied accessibility

-       Equality of Women fought for women rights

Reasons for hispanic-american movement in US

-       Racial profiling continued, disadvantages in education, high dropout rates

-       Latino poverty 2x general US population

-       29% of Puerto Ricans lived below the poverty line in 1970

-       Affirmative action helped minorities by diversifying the workforce

Cesar Chavez and the hispanic american movement

-       UFW and NFWA organized non-violent protest against farmworker inequalities and conditions

-       Gave way to Chicano movement that put Mexican American needs on political agenda and helped with education

hispanic-american movement and immigration reform

-       Immigration Reform and Control act imposed harsh penalties on those who hired undocumented workers.

-       LULAC and general lobbying helped legalize the status of aliens

Youth culture in USA

-       Free Speech Movement at Berkeley got rid of political censorship on campus

-       Columbia University protests led to abandoning of racist gym project and defense contracts

Youth culture in Canada

-       Counterculture New Left criticized systems in Canada like war and Quebec

-       Convinced 100,000 US anti-war people to flee to Canada

-       George Williams University protest led to destruction of technological equipment like computers

-       FLQ very violent with 200+ bombings and kidnapped government officials, led to martial law and increased military presence