PCOL 2 LAB - M3 (Theoretical)

Blood

Sample required for a cholesterol test

Blue

Color of the cholesterol strip

Cholesterol

A waxy, fat-like substance found in all the cells; produced in the liver and found in food, such as meat and dairy products

Coronary artery disease, heart attack, stroke

The body needs some cholesterol to work properly, but too much cholesterol in the blood may lead to a higher risk of CVDs such as _______________

Lipids

These are a group of fats and fat-like substances that are important constituents of cells and sources of energy

Lipid profile

It measures the level of specific lipids in the blood

Total cholesterol

This measures all of the cholesterol in all the lipoprotein molecule

Triglycerides

It measures all the TAGs in all the lipoprotein particles

VLDL

Most triglycerides measure in lipoprotein is in __________

Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)

It is also known as the "bad" cholesterol; it deposits excess cholesterol in the walls of blood vessels

High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C)

It is also known as the "good" cholesterol; it removes excess cholesterol and carries it to the liver for removal

Non high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (Non HDL-C)

It is calculated from total cholesterol minus HDL-C.

Very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C)

It is calculated from triglycerides divided by 5 (if in mg/dL unit), or triglycerides divided by 2 (if in mmol/L unit).

Cholesterol-HDL ratio

It is the calculated ratio of total cholesterol to HDL-C

Night

Cholesterol production is greatest at (day/night)

Fats = 9 kcal ; Carbs = 4 kcal

Equivalent energy given by fats and carbohydrates in kcal

Animal fats

(Animal/Vegetable) fats have greater risk inn forming plaques

Triglycerides

Aside from raising our blood glucose, sweets may also raise the level of ___________ in the body

Angina

Limited oxygen in the heart causes _______________

Lipoproteins

These are the transporters of cholesterol and triglycerides inside the body

Phospholipid monolayer, apolipoprotein, cholesterol

The outer layer of lipoproteins consists of ________ (3)

Triglycerides, esterified cholesterol

The inner core of lipoproteins consists of _________ (2)

Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease

ASCVD meaning

Hyperlipidemia

It refers to any of several acquired or genetic disorders that result in a high level of lipids (fats, cholesterol, and triglycerides) circulating in the blood

Atherosclerosis

In hyperlipidemia, the lipids can enter the walls of arteries and increase your risk of developing ________________, which can lead to stroke, heart attack, and the need to amputate.

Atherosclerosis

Disease in which plaque builds up inside the arteries

Plaque

This is what causes atherosclerosis; this blocks the arteries and is made up of fat, cholesterol, calcium, and other substances

Coronary Artery Disease and Carotid Artery Disease, Peripheral Artery Disease, Chronic Kidney Disease

Atherosclerosis-related diseases (4)

Night

Statins are usually administered at (day/night)

Hepatotoxic, causes Rhabdomyolysis

Two adverse effects of statin drugs

ALT and AST

Before administering statins, the liver function of the patients must be checked first, specifically the liver enzymes ________ and __________

Rhabdomyolysis

It is the breakdown of muscles, which may cause death to liver disease because muscle cells are filtered by the liver, in which they are too large to be filtered, ultimately causing liver failure which can lead to death

Steatorrhea

Bile acid sequestrants may cause ______________ or commonly known as fatty stool due to its mechanism of action in which it helps excrete bad cholesterol in the body instead of being absorbed

Niacin

It is a potent vasodilator and thus is mainly used as cosmetic ingredient since it can causing flushing cheeks; its mechanism of action is it raises HDL levels

Niacin flush

Big doses of niacin may cause redness of cheeks called __________

Ezetimibe

This anti-hyperlipidemic drug does not have an effect on its own, but displays synergistic effect with HMG-CoA Reductase inhibitors