Exam 1 UTA Microbiology

Microbiology

The study of small organisms

Hippocrates was known as ___?

the father of western medicine

What did Hippocrates believe?

diseases were not caused by supernatural reason

Leeuwenhoek was known as __?

the father of microbiology

What did Pasteur discover and invent?

discovered fermentation, invented pasteurization, vaccines

What did Koch create and develop?

created a method for connecting pathogens with a specific disease and developed vaccines

Carlous Linnaeus was known as _?

the father of taxonomy

What did Carlous Linnaeus contribute to the tree of life?

plant and animal kingdoms

What did Ernst Haeckel contribute to the tree of life?

protists and monera kingdoms

What did Robert Whittaker contribute to the tree of life?

fungi kingdom

Who was the first to develop a molecular technique to phylogenetic analysis?

Woese and Fox

How is nomenclature written?

Genus Species

Name the sub levels from least specific to most specific

Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species, strain

Name the types of prokaryotes

Bacteria and Archaea

Name the types of eukaryotes

Algae, protozoa, fungi helminths

Name some acellular microbes

Viruses and prions

Unicellular, Prokaryotic some have peptidoglycan cell walls and some are photosynthetic

Bacteria

Unicellular, prokaryotic pseudo-peptidoglycan wall

Archaea

Unicellular or multicellular, eukaryotic, cellulose wall

Algae

Unicellular, eukaryotic, no cell wall

Protozoa

Unicellular or multicellular, eukaryotic, chitin wall

Fungi

Multicellular, eukaryotic, no cell wall

Helminths

Define wavelengths

The length between peaks

Define amplitude

Height of peaks or depths of troughs

Define frequency

The rate of peaks in time

As wavelength ___: frequency ___

Increases, decreases

When does reflection occur?

When a wave bounces off a material

When does absorbance occur?

When a wave is captured and not as much light is traveling through

When does transmission occur?

When a wave travels straight through a transparent object

When does interference occur?

When a wave interacts with another wave

A wave can cancel/add to the effect of another wave? T/F

True

When does diffraction occur?

When light is bend or scattered by an object opening

When does refraction occur?

When light changes its direction or speed

How can you describe the refractive index of water vs. that of glass?

What is a refractive index?

The degree of change in transmission speed

a ___ lens will curve light to meet at a focal point

Convex

A ___ lens will refract light away from a focal point

Concave

What factors affect resolution?

Wavelength and numerical aperture

Who created the first simple microscope?

Antoine van Leeuwnhoek

Who invented the first compound microscope?

Zachariah's Janssen

What are the three types of microscopes?

Light, electron and scanning probe

Which type of light microscopes are used in UTA labs?

Brightfield

What was modified to create the Darkfield microscope?

The condenser

Which microscopes can be used on live specimen?

___ mount is good for viewing live speciman

Wet

___ mount is good for staining

Fixed

Cells have a mostly ___ charge

Negative

What is a gram stain used for?

To distinguish different cell wall componets

What are the steps for a gram stain?

1. Heat fix

2. Primary stain (Crystal Violet)

3. Mordant (Iodine)

4. Decolorizer (Alcohol)

5. Counter stain (Safranin)

A gram positive stain is ____ while a gram negative stain is ___

Purple, pink

What is the primary strain used in gram stain?

crystal violet

What is the mordant used in gram staining?

Iodine

What is the decolorizer used in gram staining?

Alcohol

What is the counter stain used in gram staining?

Safranin

What is the acid fast stain used for?

As a diagnostic tool for detection of mycolic acid and mycobacterium

What is the primary stain used in acid fast staining?

Carbolfushin

What is the counter stain use in acid fast staining?

Methylene blue

What is a capsule stain used for?

As a diagnostic tool used for detection of protective coasting

Which stain would you not use heat and why?

Capsule stain because it will cause cell shrinkange

What is a endospore strain used for?

Identification of endospore formers

What are the steps of the endospore stain?

1. Heat fix smear

2. Primary stain (Malachite green)

3. Decolorizer (Water)

4. Counter stain (Safranin)

What is a flagella stain used for?

Identification of flagella appendages

What are the steps of a flagella stain?

1. No heat fix smear

2. Primary stain (Specialized)

3. Decolorizer (Water)

4. Counter stain (Carbol Fuschin)

What was the theory of Spontaneous Generation?

Life can arise from non living matter at any moment

What was Francesco Reid's experiment and what did it prove?

Meat jars with lack of maggots, that disproved the theory

What was John Needman's experiment?

Broth was boiled to kill microbes but they still grew back

What was Lazard Spallanzani's experiment?

He replicated both Reid's and Needman's experiments

What was Louis Pasteur's experiment with respect to the theory of spontaneous generation?

Swan Neck experiment

What are the three rules of the cell theory?

1. All organisms are composed of cells

2. The cell is the most basic unit of structure

3. All cells come from existing cells

What is the Endosymbiotic Theory?

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts have prokaryotic origins and were engulfed by a eukaryotic cell

______ was the vey first person to state that "spores" can be transferred between individuals?

Giro lamo Fracastoro

____ proposed a "contamination" hypothesis and encouraged doctors to wash their hands

Ignacia Semmelweis

How did Louis Pasteur contribute to the Germ theory of disease?

Stated that organisms could spoil food and therefore people

How did Robert Koch contribute to the Germ theory of disease?

A specific microbe can cause a specific disease

how did Joseph Lister contribute to the Germ theory of disease?

Hand washing and carbolic acid in surgery for disinfection

What organelles can be found in all cells?

Cytoplasm, Plasma membrane, chromosomes, and ribosomes

What are the unique elements found in a prokaryotic cell?

Nucleoid, Inclusions, Plasmisds, Pili, Flagella, Fimbriae

What is the shape of a coccus cell?

Round

What is the shape of a Bacillus cell?

Rod

What is the shape of a Vibrio cell?

Curved rod

What is the shape of a Cocobacillus cell?

Short rod

What is the shape of a Spirillum cell?

Spriral

What is the shape of a Spirochete cell?

Long, loose, helical sprial

What is the arrangement of a Coccus

A single coccus

What is the arrangement of a diplococcus?

Pair of two cocci

What is the arrangement of a Tedtrad

Grouping of four cells arranged in a square

What is the arrangement of a Streptococus?

Chain of cocci

What is the arrangement of Staphylococcus?

Cluster of cocci

What is the arrangement of a Bacillus?

Single rod

What is the arrangement of Steptobacillus

Chain of rods

Which organelle can be found outside the cell membrane and aids in protection against osmatic pressure changes?

Cell wall

What is osmosis?

The diffusion of water in response to different solute concentrations

What will happen to a cell membrane if you place is in an isotonic solution?

No net movement

What will happen to the cell membrane if you place the cell in a hypertonic solution?

Water particles will move out of the cell and the cell membrane will shrink and detach from the cell wall

What will happen to the cell membrane if you place the cell in a hypotonic solution?

Water particles will move into the cell and cause it to swell

The central region of the cell with DNA and DNA associated proteins

Nucleoid

What is the size of a prokaryotic ribosome?

70s

___ are structures used for storage of glycogen, starches, etc.

Inclusions

Structures formed in dormant state to protect genome

Endospores

The ___ has selective permeability to move molecules in and out of the cell

Cell membrane