MIS 180 Barra In Person Exam 2 (FINAL) Study Guide 2024

What is the difference between LAN and WAN?

LAN - Local area, telephone lines, one company

WAN - large geographic area, satellites, owned by multiple companies

Is an IntrAnet a LAN or WAN?

A type of LAN

What is an ISP?

Internet Service Provider

What protocol does the IEEE manage? What other name does it go by?

WiFi

Marketed as WiFi6

What devices are the 4G, 5G protocols used for?

Mobile devices

How do we measure data transmission speed?

Bandwidth, using bits (b), mbps

How is data storage capacity measured?

Bytes (B)

What does bandwidth mean?

The max amount of data that can be transmitted over a channel per unit of time

From fastest to slowest, rank bandwidth of:

Bluetooth, WiFi, Ethernet

Ethernet

WiFi

Bluetooth

What does TCP stand for?

Transmission Control Protocol

What does TCP do?

Breaks data into packets and rebuilds them at receiving end

What does IP stand for?

Internet Protocol

What does IP do?

Routes the data, provides addresses

What are TCP and IP considered to be?

The foundation of the internet

What is the network protocol for the Web?

HTTP

What is the internet?

A collection of computer around the world that agree to speak the same language

What is the intrAnet?

Open and secure, internal networks that use internet and are accessible through web browsers

Has a firewall

What is the extranet?

Connect a company's resources with external organizations such as customers and suppliers

Utilize a VPN and a firewall

What is packet switching?

The path of a signal that is broken into smaller parts

What is a packet? What is the approximate storage capacity?

A type of information storage used to transmit data

About 1000 bytes

What routes do individual packet travel on the internet?

Uses IP address to traverse the internet

How is circuit switching different from packet switching?

Circuit - physical

Packet - digital

What is the IETF and what does it do for the internet?

Internet Engineering Task Force

Guides TCP/IP standards

What is the W3 Consortium and what does it do for the internet?

World Wide Web Cons.

Guides web standards

What is the EFF and what does it do for the internet?

Electronic Frontier Foundation

Guides social use issues, government regulations, and legal regulations (FCC - Federal communications commission)

What is a business process?

a network of activities for accomplishing a business function

What are the 6 basic questions business professionals ask to improve a business process?

- What countries do we want?

- What inputs can we get?

- What processes will we use and manage?

- What feedback loops will we use?

- What decisions and rules will we use?

- How do we measure improvement?

What 4 ways might a business process be "bad"?

- Takes too long

- Costs too much

- Produces low quality

- Wastes resources

What is a KPI in process analysis?

A metric used to evaluate progress towards a goal

What is a baseline KPI?

A metric used to evaluate progress towards a goal at a specific point in time

What value does does a KPI have in process improvement?

Quantifiable measure to track progress, identify areas for improvement, and demonstrate the effectiveness of changes

What are the causes of "bad" business processes?

- Poor data

- poor decision making process

- the design is flawed

- human problems

- technology problems

- business functions may be siloed

What does "business processes are siloed" mean?

Different parts of the company (operations, marketing, sales, etc) fail to work together efficiently

What is the difference between incremental and radical improvement?

Incremental - marginal % better, rarely improves competitive advantage

Radical - significant % better, typically improves competitive advantage

How do enterprises do process improvement with computer technology? What are the methods?

1. understand capabilities of IT

2. conduct GAP analysis

3. Invest in enterprise applications

------- OR ---------

BPR

What is BPR?

Business process reengineering

A radical organizational change process that aims to reduce cycle times dramatically

What is an external threat to a system? Provide an example

Outside the organization

Legal, natural disasters, criminals

What is an internal threat to a system? Provide and example

Within the organization

Policies not followed, malicious employees

Name the 3 levels of system security

Perimeter, Prevention, Monitoring

List some common security threats

Malware - malicious software

Ransomware - malware that requires payment to be cleared

Social engineering (phishing) - a falsified document that looks like a familiar application

Spyware - malware that tracks information

What is a hacker?

A person with know-how that uses it to break into computers

What is the difference between a black hat and white hat hacker?

Black hat - A "bad guy", malicious intent

White hat - A "good guy", used to stress test security systems, highlight flaws

Name the parts of the prevention checklist - NETWORK layer

Firewall

VPN

Deny hacks/phishing/fraud

Name the parts of the prevention checklist - APPLICATION layer

Password manager

AntiVirus software

AntiSpyware software

Camera block

Browser filters

Download practices

Name the parts of the prevention checklist - DATA layer

OS updates

Backup practices

Physical protection

Disconnect your device

Insurance

What are 2 ways to back-up your data?

Cloud

Hard drive

What is encryption?

Creates a code that only the sending and receiving device can understand

Ex: Every 4th letter = that letter +/- 3 letters

What is a firewall?

A computer or router that controls access in or out of the organization's networks

Authentication vs authroization

Authentication - a method for confirming identities

Authorization - the process of giving someone permission to do or have something

What is the dilemma we face as business professionals in dealing with the handling of personal information?

We want to know everything about our customers so we can sell/serve them better

What is the takeaway about how the world views ethical or high integrity behavior

More ethical (higher integrity/less corrupt) countries get more foreign investment

What is a data broker? How do they get your personal information?

Companies that collect and sell personal information obtained through a variety of tracking sources (public records, web scraping, software)

Difference between morals, ethics, laws?

Moral - codes of conduct governing behavior based on values

Ethics - an examination of the moral basis on human behavior and attempts to determine the best course of action in the face of conflicting choices

Laws - Rules as established by a governing body

What are the guiding principles of information ethics

Personal benefit, social benefit, benevolence, paternalism, harm, honesty, lawfulness, autonomy, justice, rights

What is personal informaition?

Personal subjects like health conditions, finances, lifestyle

What is intellectual property?

Patents, trademarks, trade secrets, formulas, copyright

Provides ownership to a thing

What does copyright law protect?

Reproduction, modification, distribution, public performance, public display, digital transmission

What are the 4 parts of the "Fair Use" exception in copyright law?

Noncommercial (money making), factual, insubstantial amount used, does not effect market value

What is a project?

A plan that has a definitive starting and ending

What is a process?

A plan that has a long term, undefined timeline, typically with set goals and flexible deadlines

What % of projects are successful?

What % are challenged?

What % are failed?

32%

24%

44%

What is scope in project management?

Functionality and features that the project will include.

What is scope creep?

When scope grows while budget and schedule do not.

What are milestones in project management?

Points in time at which a task is done.

What does a PERT chart represent?

Task dependencies and time sequencing.

What does a Gantt chart show?

Who owns and executes each task.

In a PERT chart, what is critical path and slack?

Critical path - the longest path that is required to complete a project

Slack - time in between the start and the finish

In what 3 ways do systems development projects often fail?

Scheduling

Budget

Functionality

What is a SDLC (systems development cycle) and why do companies use them?

It is an approach to building systems

It gets the company exactly what they need; set goals and timelines

In the IS lifecycle, why do Costs and Benefits curves converge over time?

Because systems eventually become irrelevant or expensive to maintain

What is the waterfall model? Why is it advantageous?

Linear (steps), faster if you know the end goal

Easier to understand, not the best for feedback and learning

What is the Agile model? Why is it advantageous?

Has iterations (iterative), good for innovative results, specifically designed for feedback

Harder to understand

What is the organizational aspect of feasibility analysis?

Will the organization use the system?

What is the technical aspect of feasibility analysis?

Is the technology available and easy to use?

What is the economic aspect of feasibility analysis?

Is the cost/benefit sufficient?

What is the security aspect of feasibility analysis?

How well will the system protect our data and applications?

What is the legal aspect of feasibility analysis?

Does it violate laws or regulations?

What is the schedule aspect of feasibility analysis?

Can we get the system into production soon enough?

What is the KPI aspect of feasibility analysis?

Does the project help reach KPIs?

What is a Discriminative AI Model? Outputs?

Trained to classify or predict information

Ex: Identify a picture of a lamp post

Output: Numbers, classification, probability

What is a Generative AI Model? Outputs?

Generates new data instances based on learned probability distribution of existing data you fed it

Output: Natural language, images, audio

How does traditional AI differ from how AI learns?

Trad: exact definitions are coded in, cannot adapt

Gen: Learns via existing content, creates a model that is used in prediction

What is the process of AI learning called?

Training

What are computer hallucinations and why might they occur?

Nonsensical words or phrases generated by AI

Due to lack of volume of data or lack of quality of data

What are prompts?

A piece of text that is used to control a model

What is prompt design?

Process of creating a prompt that will generate a desired output