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No Body Homicide Details
Used recreation of blood loss patterns and volume to determine lethal blood loss
Daubert Criteria
The evidence used in court must have a scientific basis
Arch
Loop
Whorl
Minutiae
Fine, identifying details within a fingerprint (delta, dot, etc)
Latent Fingerprint
Made by deposit of oils and/or perspiration, usually invisible
Plastic Fingerprint
An impression made by pressing into a soft surface
Visible (patent) Fingerprint
Made by a deposit of visible material such as blood or ink
An example of a knowledge based method of personal identification
Social Security number
An example of a token of personal identification
Driver’s license
An example of a biometric method of identification
DNA
Issue with fingerprinting
Not scientific, too subjective
Caliber
Diameter of the barrel of a gun
Striations
Marks or scratches on bullet that have a length, width, and height
Lands
Raised areas on the inside of a barrel of a gun left on cartridge
Grooves
Indented areas left on cartridge from the inside of a barrel of a gun
Breech Face Marks
A ‘stamp’ left on the base of a cartridge from pressure of ejection
What important components of the Homicide or Suicide case lead to the solve?
Clothing on victim, polymer trace evidence, plant trace evidence
What is the A in ADME
Absorption
What is the D in ADME
Distribution
What is the M in ADME
Metabolism
What is the E in ADME
Elimination/Excretion
Absorption Of Alcohol
Mostly absorbed in small intestine due to larger surface area and blood flow
Distribution of Alcohol
Distributed to tissues, organs, and muscles via blood
Metabolism of Alcohol
Occurs mostly in liver, changes from ethanol to acetaldehyde to acetate to increase water solubility
Excretion of Alcohol
Time and liver function cause excretion, high individual variation due to amount of protein in diet, amount of drinking, and liver function
3 Sobriety tests
One leg stand, walk and turn, horizontal gaze nystagmus
Presumptive test
test for many classes of drugs, shows positive or negative but not concentrations
ELISA
Enzyme Immunoassay (example: covid test) presumptive test
Confirmatory test
GCMS or LCMS, shows concentrations of each individual drug
Epidermis
Outer layer of skin
Dermis
Inner layer of skin
Least common fingerprint pattern
Arch
IAFIS
Fingerprint identification system, uses 10 fingers
Level 1 of fingerprint ID
Pattern configuration and ridge flow, used to exclude
Level 2 of fingerprint ID
Minutiae and combinations, used for individualization
Level 3 of fingerprint ID
All attributes of a friction ridge including shape, contours, pores
Why can we use striations to ID a gun?
No two barrels are alike
Class characteristics of firearms
Bullet, caliber, number of lands and grooves, direction of twist
Individual Characteristics of a firearm
Wear and tear over time makes it unique
Firearm analysis result where class and individual characteristics agree
Identification
Firearm analysis where some of the class and/or individual characteristics agree
Inconclusive
Firearm analysis where none of the class or individual characteristics overlap
Elimination
A direct measurement of Blood alcohol content
Blood
An indirect measurement of blood alcohol content
Urine, breath
Ethanol
Drinking alcohol
Methanol
Poisonous form of alcohol and can cause blindness
Isopropanol
Poisonous form of alcohol
Rate of alcohol elimination
.02% per hour
Gas chromatography
a separation technique that is used to separate components of a mixture, Once separated, they can be analyzed individually using a Mass spectrometer
Mass spectrometry
Describe mass of compound, Unknown sample is compared with known standard or database of knowns. Used to identify specific drug
Methamphetamine color change
Orange to brown or strong blue
MDMA color change
Black or strong blue
Tar heroine color change
Purple
Cocaine Colbalt test
Blue flaky precipitate
Duquenois reagent Marijuana color change
Purple color change when chloroform is added
