psychology : bias in the courtroom - background info

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16 Terms

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2 types of juries

  • shadow jury

  • mock jury

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shadow jury defintion

  • sits in a public gallery during trial then discuss it as if they were the actual jury

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mock jury definition

watches video / reads transcripts of court case then reach a verdict

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how does attractiveness influence juries

  • halo effect

  • implicit personality theory

  • stewart

  • castellow

  • sigall and ostrove

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halo effect definition

suggests a positive halo of pleasant characteristics is imagined when one favourable characteristic is known

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implicit personality theory

suggests that we stereotype physical attractiveness with attractive personalities

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stewart’s theory

  • investigated the impact of appearance on jury decisions by observing real trails in the public gallery

  • found that less attractive the defendant was, the more severe their punishment was

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castellow’s study

  • experiment to test attribution of guilt using previously rated attractive / unattractive witnesses and defendants

  • found that attractive defendants were more likely to be found not guilty if the victim was unattractive

  • also found that unattractive defendants were more likely to be found guilty if the victim was attractive

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sigall and ostrove’s study

  • asked 120 ppts to suggest a sentence for burglary or fraud, either with or without see a photo of the defendant

  • photos were either an attractive or unattractive defendant

  • results showed that ppts suggested significantly longer sentences for burglary when the photo was of an unattractive person

  • but found reverse effects when the crime was fraud

  • in this condition, the photo of the unattractive defendant produced the longer sentence

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how does race influence juries

  • pfeifer and ogloff

  • eberhardt

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pferifer and ogloff’s study

  • showed that white uni students rated black defendants as more guilty than white defendants

  • effect was found to be even stronger when the victim was described as white

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eberhardt’s study

  • effect of the race if a defendant and the likelihood that they would receive the death penalty if found guilty of murder

  • found that men who were seen as more stereotypically black were significantly more likely to receive the death penalty

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lakoff’s - how does the way language is used affect juries

  • effect of using frequent ‘hedges’ while talking such as ‘I think’ or ‘perhaps’

  • both male and female witnesses who used thus type of language were perceived as less intelligent, less competent, less likeable and less believable than those who did not

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how does accent affect juries

  • seggie

  • kalin

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seggie’s study

  • conducted research in Australia

  • investigated the effects on raters perception of guilt of 3 accents : british rp, broad australian and asian

  • found that more guilt was attributed to australian accent when suspect was accused of assault

  • found that more guilt was attributed to british rp accent when suspect accused of theft

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kalin’s study

  • found that standard british accent was rated more positively than non standard e.g. regional