Chapter 8: Data

lowest level

Computers read machine code, which at the ________, is made up of 0s and 1s.

Current

________ "and "no ________ "are easy conditions to detect.

similar features

Classifying: Grouping data with ________ and values helps computers make sense of large datasets.

attendees

Data collected from all types of events- such as visits, searches, inquiries, orders, returns, temperatures, scores, ________, acres planted, acres harvested, fish, birds, photos, videos, and audio files- are considered to be raw data.

Software tools

________ such as spreadsheets and databases can be used to filter, organize, and search the data.

software program

The ________ takes in the binary value and interprets it as a color, text value, or number, based on what the program is expecting.

actual data

Changing, adding, or deleting metadata does not impact or change the ________ in any way.

Binary

is the number system used in computer science.

Abstraction

is a concept that is a little hard for many students to grasp.

**Letters**

In addition to the numbers we just reviewed, binary numbers can also represent ______ for text fields.

colors

Computer monitors work the same way and add differing amounts of red, green, and blue to create the colors that are displayed.

Note

Use leading 0s on the left to make a byte (8 bits)

Example 1

Convert 21 to binary

Answer

2110 = 000101012

Example 1

Convert 00011011 to decimal

If we simply had a binary number

00101001, we would not know what it represented

Data Compression

Lossless and Lossy

Cleaning

Computers "clean" data

Filtering

Computers filter data easily

Classifying

Grouping data with similar features and values helps computers make sense of large datasets

Bias

This can unintentionally be present in data

Patterns

The data analysis starts with a hypothesis or question to check

**Machine Instructions**

It could be a number, text, color, instruction, or other representation.

Overflow errors

occur in computers when the integer to be represented needs more bits than the programming language can represent.

fixed number

of bits are assigned to hold integers in many programming languages.

Rounding errors

occur because of the way numbers with decimal points are stored in the computer.

Analog data

is a continuous stream of data values.

Lossless compression

techniques allow the original image to be restored.

Lossy compression

techniques lose some data in the compression process.

Computers

enable us to process data to turn it into information for decision making and research.

Data

collected from all types of events—such as visits, searches, inquiries, orders, returns, temperatures, scores, attendees, acres planted, acres harvested, fish, birds, photos, videos, and audio files—are considered to be raw data.

**Cleaning**

Computers "clean" data.

Data cleaning

can also change "dr." to "Drive" for consistency.

**Filtering**

Computers filter data easily.

**Classifying**

Grouping data with similar features and values helps computers make sense of large datasets.

Groupings

may use one or more criteria.

**Bias**

This can unintentionally be present in data.

**Patterns**

The data analysis starts with a hypothesis or question to check.

data mining

Computers are able to identify patterns in data that people are either unable to recognize or cannot process enough data to see the pattern.

correlation

may not mean one thing caused the other.

Scalability

is the ability to increase the capacity of a resource without having to go to a completely new solution, and for that resource to continue to operate at acceptable levels when the increased capacity is being added.

Metadata

is data that describes data and can help others find the data and use it more effectively.

Charts, tables, and other graphics

help summarize data visually.

Search tools and filtering systems

are needed to help analyze the data and recognize patterns.