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Describe and discuss Kluckhohn and Strodbeck’s (1961) values orientation theory. These are the five existential problems all human groups must solve
all human societies face a common set of fundamental problems, and that the ways in which these societies address these problems reveal their core values.
Human Nature Orientation
Man-Nature Orientation
Time Orientation
Activity Orientation
Relational Orientation
What is the human nature orientation?
People believe that, in general, people are either good, evil, or mixed
what is man-nature orientation?
People believe that people should be
subordinate to nature
live in harmony with nature
or be dominant over nature
What is time orientation?
People believe that you should either focus on the…
past - learn from history and continue traditions
present - live in the moment, enjoy today
future - make plans, set goals, make tomorrow better
what is activity orientation?
People believe that the best mode of activity is either …
being - It's enough to just "be." It's not necessary to accomplish great things in life to feel your life has been worthwhile (EXIST)
Becoming - The main purpose for being placed on this earth is for one's own inner development (DEVELOP)
Doing - If people work hard and apply themselves fully, their efforts will be rewarded. What a person accomplishes is a measure of his or her worth (ACHIEVE)
what is relational orientation?
people believe that the best form of social organization is either…
Hierarchical - There is a natural order to relations, some people are born to lead, others are followers. Decisions should be made by those in charge
Collateral - The best way to be organized is as a group, where everyone shares in the decision process. It is important not to make important decisions alone
Individual - All people should have equal rights, and each should have complete control over one's own destiny. When we have to make a decision as a group it should be "one person one vote."
In-group vs out-group
In-group = cool kids club; those who are thought of as similar ourselves; we like them
out-group = losers; those who we consider to be different than us; we hate them
In what ways do some people benefit and suffer as a result of classism?
Discuss the “American dream” as well as the advantages and disadvantages of this historical concept being perpetuated as a central part of our societal culture.
Describe the three presumptions of having privilege. (See Choudhuri et al., 2012, p.108)
Apply the cycle of oppression to a hypothetical client scenario and describe how the cycle might be therapeutically interrupted. (See Choudhuri et al., 2012, chapter 4)
Prejudice
Maintenance of conscious or unconscious attitudes and feelings towards members of socially defined groups, because of their membership in those groups
True or false: our prejudices are always right
False
What are the functions of prejudice?
reward and punishment - leads to rewards in society and the avoidance of punishment
ego-defense = prejudice protects self-esteem via social comparison (YAY IM BETTER THAN OTHERS BECAUSE IM WHITE IM GOATED)
value expression = communicate what they believe is correct, moral, right, ethical beliefs and behaviors.
Knowledge - allows people to organize the various pieces of information to which they are exposed (our brain likes patterns and schemas)
What are the rewards and punishments of being in the in-group vs out-group?
in-group members have more options (rewards)
out-group members have negative consequences (punishment)
scapegoating
a process by which a person or group is unfairly blamed for something that they didn't do and, as a result, the real source of the problem is either never seen or purposefully ignored
ex) the Jews were a scapegoat for Germany
When does scapegoating often occur?
when a society is plagued by long-term economic problems or when resources are scarce.
What does the ego-defensive function lead to relating to justifying inequity?
the Just World Phenomenon - Victims are responsible for their situations because the world is fair and just; people deserve what they get and get what they deserve
Discrimination
Acting on prejudicial feelings towards members of socially defined groups because of their membership in those groups
Institutional power
Systematic inequality
Define prejudice, discrimination, institutional power, and systematic inequality. Describe how these components can lead to oppression
privilege
Being in the socially dominant group that has ????
worldview
a cognitive frame of reference
better definition = a person’s value-laden beliefs and assumptions about life aspects, such as relationships with others and with the broader world, as well as perspectives of past and present events and outlooks about the future
It is important to consider that others may have ______________ worldviews than us
drastically different
True or false: people put a lot of time and effort into learning acceptable behavior
true
People come to believe that their culture has the _______ guidelines for meeting life’s goals
best
representative heuristic
a mental shortcut that people use to estimate the likelihood of something belonging to a category based on a similarity/ prototype
grouping two things together because because you assume a quality they share means they should be grouped together
ex) hearing a story about “Laquisha” and assuming she is black
ex) assuming your professor likes to read
availability heuristic
We make a judgment based on what we can most readily remember, rather than complete data
ex) being afraid to fly in an airplane when it is much more likely to die in a car crash
ex) assuming a “Brittany” is a blonde white girl because you think of Brittany Spears
stereotype
a prediction that members of a group will behave in a certain way.
Stereotypes persist DESPITE _____________
evidence to the contrary
How to stereotypes differ from descriptions?
Descriptions offer no prediction
What is one source of cultural conflict?
the belief that there are not enough resources to go around
deindividuation
excitement makes people focus on their identity in a group and forget about their individual identity, and they become less self-aware and less self-restrained
like insurrection day
leads to groupthink
LETS STORM THE CAPITAL HAILEY
groupthink
the tendency for harmony-seeking groups to make unrealistic decisions after suppressing unwelcome information.
contexts for oppression???
Individual
Institutional
Cultural/Social
Vertical
Horizontal
what is one criticism of the traditional European individualistic counseling approach?
it ignores environmental/social impacts on the client’s issues
gender roles are rooted in __________
cultural norms
what is the cost of males maintaining dominance?
Not being allowed to be vulnerable and having to be strong and not show emotion means that you can not be intimate, or at least as intimate
what is true about the education gender gap?
girls are more likely to attend college, receive higher grades, and aspire to higher-status occupations than boys
Because men have to suppress their emotions, they channel their vulnerable emotions into _______ and their caring emotions into ________
anger and sexuality
men prioritize ______
getting that bread
Which race of men have shown the strongest restriction governing emotional displays?
Asian men
Which race has witnessed violence in their neighborhood and aspires to be macho
Urban African American boys
African American marital relationships tend to be more _______
egalitarian and less gender-types
because of slavery; everyone works
machismo
latin american masculine prototype
who adheres to puritan ideology
THE WASPS HAILEY ITS THE WASPS
true or false: Men are unlikely to return if they do not receive quick, concrete solutions to their problems.
true
What factors influence men’s identity?
Based on what you have learned this semester; what factors influence men’s identity. Men may believe their world is completely safe and their destiny is in their control. What might be the possible advantages and consequences of such beliefs?
What factor’s influence women’s identity
How and why is women’s sexuality outside of marriage complicated?
Why do women seem to have so much difficulty coming forward with their experience of sexual and or domestic violence
Based on what you have learned this semester; what factors influence women’s identity? How and why is women’s sexuality outside of marriage complicated? Why do women seem to have so much difficulty coming forward with their experience of sexual and or domestic violence
What factors lead to and sustain cultural conflict?
In the documentary The Essential Blue- Eyed (Elliott, Strigel, & Verhaag, (2004) how does Jane Elliot use language, tone of voice, body language, props, etc. to convince people of one groups’ inferiority/unworthiness to receive resources. Describe system factors that make discrimination work in the case of the Elliot experiment and in the larger society.
gender
the actions and behaviors that are acceptable for a female or male to engage in within a culture
what we assume about a person of a particular sex
sex
assigned birth based on chromosomes
gender identity
internal sense of one’s own identity of a man, woman, both, or neither
gender expression
how someone publicly presents their gender
two theories of gender development (how gender identity is created and structured)
nature view - biology/genes/hormones is primarily responsible
ex) men and women need different med dosages per different body weight
Nurture view - believes gender is an invisible societal structure that organizes the world into masculine and feminine
what happens when someone does not “achieve” the assumed characteristics/construct of their sex?
Others tend to have a lower opinion of them/ think they’re less intelligent
leads to depression, body image issues, and punishment for not fitting the stereotype
True or false: people are rewarded for assimilating their behavior to the “right/correct” pole
true
cisgender
gender identity aligns with sex assigned at birth
transgender
gender identity/ expression are different from social expectations of sex assigned at birth
3 challenges related to gender identity
gender is a common identity tool → lacking a clear identity can change the way someone approaches life
gender variation is complex, and DIFFERENT than sexual difference (ze/zim/zer vs boy girl)
it’s confusing - there are a million gender variations (demigender/genderfluid/ze/zim/zer/fairyself/hailey I’m gonna get canceled)
true or false: historically, mental heath professionals have often described gender variations as mental deficiencies/illness
true
gender dysphoria
a clinical term used when the incongruence between sex assigned at birth and gender identity causes distress or impairment
True or false: if a man chooses to live as a woman, that individual will still be paid the same amount as a man
false, they must often take a pay cut
real life experience (RLE)
a period of one year where people live in the role of
their gender identity before having corrective surgery
When people experience the greatest financial hardship
Recommendations for working with trans
avoid pathologizing
use correct terms
be aware that gender behaviors are a social construct
use approaches that give clients a voice and empower them
