BTech Module 2 - Major Parts of a Building to Characteristics of Soil

Superstructure

It is a major part of the building where the portion of the building above the ground

Substructure

It is a major part of the building where the habitable portion of the building found below the ground.

Foundation

It is a major part of the building where the structural portion of the building that transfer the buildings load into the soil.

Slab on Fill

It is one of the three types of substructure that is a slab which rests on ground and not suspended.

Crawl Space

It is one of the three types of substructure where in a building without a basement, an unfinished accessible space below the first floor which is usually less than a full story height.

Basement

It is one of the three types of substructure that is the lower story of a building, either partly or entirely below grade.

Construction below grade,

The word foundation is applied to:

_________________, such as footing courses, basement walls, etc., forming the lower section of a structure;

natural material

The word foundation is applied to:

The ____________, the particular part of the earth’s surface on which the construction rests;

Special construction

The word foundation is applied to:

________________ such as piling or piers used to transmit the loads of the building to firm substrata.

Foundation bed

the natural material on which the construction rests.

Foundation walls

that part of the building foundation which forms the permanent retaining wall of the structure below grade.

Foundation piers/columns

piers/columns below grade, to distinguish them from similar construction above grade.

Grade beam

that part of a foundation system which supports the exterior wall of the superstructure and bears directly on the column footing.

Footing courses

lower portions of walls, piers or columns which are spread to provide a safe base.

Rock (solid rock, bedrock or ledge).

A type of foundation bed where undisturbed rock masses forming an undisturbed part of the original rock-formation.

granite, slate, sandstone, and limestone

Some examples of harder rocks are ______, _______, ________, and ________ which are all capable of carrying the load of any ordinary structure.

shale, shaley slates, certain marley limestone and clay stones.

Examples of softer rocks are _______, ________, _______, and _______

Decayed rock (rotten rock)

A type of foundation bed that are Sand, clay and other materials resulting from the disintegration of rock masses, lacking the coherent qualities but occupying the space formerly occupied by the original rock.

Loose rock

A type of foundation bed where rock masses detached from the ledge of which they originally formed a part.

Gravel

A type of foundation bed where detached rock particles, generally water-worn, rounded and intermediate in size between sand particles and boulders.

Boulders

A type of foundation bed where detached rock masses larger than gravel, generally rounded and worn as a result of having been transported by water a considerable distance from the ledges of which they originally formed a part.

Sand

A type of foundation bed where non-coherent rock particles smaller than ¼” in maximum dimension.

Clay

A type of foundation bed that is a plastic material resulting from the decomposition and hydration of feldspathic rocks, being hydrated silicate of alumina, generally mixed with powdered feldspar, quartz and other materials.

Hard-pan.

A type of foundation bed where any strong coherent mixture of clay or other cementing material with sand, gravel and boulders.

Silt

A type of foundation bed that is a finely divided earthy material deposited from running water.

Mud.

A type of foundation bed it is a finely divided earthy material generally containing vegetable matter and deposited from still or slowly moving water.

Mould.

A type of foundation bed that is a earthy material containing a large portion of humus or vegetable matter.

Loam

A type of foundation bed that is a earthy material containing a proportion of vegetable matter.

Peat

A type of foundation bed that is compressed and partially carbonized vegetable matter

Filled Ground

A type of foundation bed that is all artificial and some natural fills are liable to a more or less uniform but continuous settlement or shrinkage due to the gradual consolidation of the material of which the fill is composed.

Thorough investigation

_________________ is required before one can determine the allowable unite load on the foundation bed.

uniform load

When material and conditions are uniform over the entire site of the building, a _________ may be used.

reduced

In cases when entirely different conditions exist under different portions of the same building, the unit load on the foundation bed must be ________ as much as possible so as to reduce the differences in settlements between the two sections of the building to a minimum.

Test pits

It is a method of exploration for shallow work, an open pit is the most suitable method since it calls for an actual inspection of the undisturbed material over a considerable area.

Test borings

It is a method of exploration for excavations that are carried no deeper than the proposed level, the underlying material may be investigated by test boring.

safe bearing capacity.

Loading tests of the materials forming the foundation bed are made to assist in determining its ________________

Course-grained soil

It is one of the two broad classes of soil that consist of relatively large particles, visible to the naked eyes.

Fine-grained soil

It is one of the two broad classes of soil that consist of much smaller particles, such as silt and clay.

Allowable Bearing Capacity

maximum unit pressure a foundation is permitted to impose vertically or laterally on the soil mass.

Density

The critical factor determining the bearing capacity of granular soils.

SPT – Standard Penetration Test

Measures the density of granular soils and the consistency of some clays

SPT – Standard Penetration Test

Records the number of blows required by a hammer to advance a standard soil sampler.

MDD – Maximum Dry Density

Dry density is the density of soil, or the like, after it has been heated at a temperature of 221 deg F (105 dec C) to a dry condition.

221° F (105° C)

Dry density is the density of soil, or the like, after it has been heated at a temperature of __________ to a dry condition.

Shearing Strength

measure of the ability to resist displacement when an external force is applied, due largely to the combined effects of cohesion and internal friction.

Water Table

level beneath which the soil is saturated with ground water.