Exam 1 CF Dual Credit

What are the 4 classes or groups of biomolecules?

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

Nucleic Acids

Monomers or building blocks of carbohydrates are ____.

Monosaccharides

(such as glucose)

Monomers or building blocks of lipids are ____.

Fatty Acids and Glycerol

Monomers or building blocks of proteins are ____.

Amino Acids

Monomers or building blocks of nucleic acids are ____.

Nucleotides

What 3 parts or subunits make up a nucleotide?

5-Carbon sugar

Phosphate Group

Nitrogenous Base

What 5-carbon sugars would you expect to find in a nucleotide?

Deoxyribose (in DNA)

OR

Ribose (in RNA and ATP)

Carbohydrates that are sugars (monosaccharides and disaccharides) often end in the suffix.

-ose

What nitrogenous bases would you expect to find in a nucleotide?

Any one of these:

Adenine (DNA, RNA, & ATP)

Guanine (DNA & RNA)

Cytosine (DNA & RNA)

Thymine (only DNA)

Uracil (only RNA)

___ make up polymers. They are like building blocks.

Monomers

Monomers join together to make up ___.

Polymers

Which group of biomolecules have this structure?

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates can be classified into 3 groups based on size. What are they?

Monosaccharides (1 sugar big such as glucose)

Disaccharides (2 sugars big, such as sucrose)

Polysaccharides (many sugars big, such as starch or cellulose)

Identify this molecule.

What class of biomolecules does it belong?

Glucose

Carbohydrate

(simple sugar or monosaccharide)

How does this molecule function in cells?

Basic energy or fuel source

(This molecule is converted to ATP so the cell can do work)

1. Where in the cell is this molecule produced?

2. Where in the cell is this molecule converted to cellular energy or ATP?

1. Chloroplasts (plant cells)

2. Mitochondria (all cells)

1. What must be removed for two or monomers to join together to make a larger molecule (polymer)?

2. What is this called?

1. Water

2. Dehydration synthesis ("building larger by taking away water")

1. What must be added to a polymer to break it down into smaller pieces?

2. What is this called?

1. Water

2. Hydrolysis ("breaking by adding water"

How do carbohydrates function?

1. Primary energy source (glucose)

2. Structure (cellulose)

3. Short-term storage (starch, glycogen)

Identify this molecule.

Amino Acid

If you put many of these molecules together (by removing water), what larger molecule will they form?

Protein

Which group of biomolecules function in building tissues, structure maintenance, and repair?

Protein group

The "meat" you eat (beef, chicken, ham, etc) is actually ___ and therefore, which type of biomolecule?

Muscle; Protein

Proteins that are produced by white blood cells and circulate in your blood stream help to defend your body against foreign invaders. What type of biomolecule are antibodies?

Antibodies

This type of biomolecule is nonpolar; it does not dissolve in water.

Lipid

This lipid has both a polar and non-polar region. It's non-polar regions face the aqueous cytoplasm and extracellular fluid making it an excellent boundary for the cell. This molecule is known as a(n) ___.

Phospholipid

Long-term, back-up energy storage and insulation are the functions of which biomolecule?

Lipids

List 3 types of lipids.

1. Triglycerides (true fats) such as fats, oils, & waxes

2. Phospholipids

3. Steroids

Identify these 2 molecules

Top = Saturated Fatty Acid

Bottom = Unsaturated Fatty Acid

Which of these 2 molecules tends to be liquid at room temperature like a vegetable oil?

Bottom one - unsaturated fatty acid

(*Note - double bonds between some of the carbon atoms)

Identify this molecule.

Lipid

(triglyceride= glycerol +fatty acids)

1. Identify

2. Where woud you expect to find this?

1. Phospholipid bilayer

2. Cell membrane

1. Identify this molecule.

2. Where would you expect to find it?

1. Phospholipid

2. Cell membrane (or other membranes) to form bilayer

The molecules surrounded by blue circles are removed when this lipid is formed. The process is called_________ ____________.

Dehydration synthesis, a building reaction

Which molecule is RNA?

The one on the left

(single sided)

How do you know the molecule on the right is DNA?

1. Double helix

2. Thymine is a nucleotide

1. What is the sugar in the molecule on the left?

2. What is the sugar in the molecule on the right?

1. Ribose

2. Deoxyribose

These 3 molecules make up a(n) ___ which is a monomer of ___.

nucleotide

nucleic acid

Which nucleic acid functions as the Genetic Code which stores hereditary info?

DNA

Which nucleic acid functions as the instructions for synthesizing proteins?

DNA

A change in the shape of a protein (such as an enzyme) that can be caused by changes in temperature or pH (among other things).

Denature disrupts secondary and tertiary structure, NOT primary structure (peptide bonds)

to make or produce

Synthesis

enzyme

-ase

Polypeptide

Another name for a protein

Peptide bond

covalent bond formed between amino acids to form a protein

Calories per gram for carbs and proteins

4

Calories per gram for lipids

9

Cellulose

A substance (made of sugars) that is common in the cell walls of many organisms, humans cannot digest, lack enzymes

Base pairing practice: 5' ATCG 3' of DNA

3' TAGC 5'

Enzymes

Proteins that speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy. Recognize a single stereoisomer (sucrose but not sucralose)

Isomers

Two different molecules that have the same chemical formula (fructose, galactose, glucose) C6H12O6

Glycogen

An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch.

quaternary structure

The fourth level of protein structure; the shape resulting from the association of two or more polypeptide subunits.

Hydrogenation

The process of converting unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding hydrogen

Biomolecule elements

Carbs: CHO, Lipids: CHO, Proteins: CHON, Nucleic Acids: CHONP

cell

the smallest unit of life

unicellular

made of only one cell

multicellular

made of two or more cells

growth

process of getting bigger in size

reproduction

making new organisms

development

changes that occur in an organism's lifetime;

cells become specialized into different cell types

response

a reaction to a stimulus

homeostasis

an organism's ability to maintain steady internal conditions when outside conditions change. Shivering in cold temps

adaptation

changes in a species of organisms over time in response to their environment

energy use

plants require energy from the sun, animals require energy from their food

Hypothesis

A testable prediction

Control

In an experiment, the standard that is used for comparison. Does not change

independent variable

The experimental factor that is manipulated or changed. Graphed on X axis.

dependent variable

The measurable effect, outcome, or response from and experiment. Graphed on Y axis.

Theory

well-tested, highly supported explanation that unifies a broad range of observations

inductive reasoning

specific cases to general principles

deductive reasoning

general principles to specific cases

homologous structures

Structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry. Bat wings, porpoise fins, human hand.....

natural selection

A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.

Archaea

Domain of unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls that do not contain peptidoglycan, found in extreme environments, prokaryotes (no nucleus)

Fungi Kingdom Characteristics

Kingdom composed of heterotrophs; many obtain energy and nutrients from dead organic matter, has cell walls, multicellular (except yeast)

Protista Kingdom

Single cell, multi cell, autotrophs, heterotrophs, microscopic organisms, eukaryotic cells, cell wall for some

Animalia Kingdom

multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophs, no cell wall

Viruses are not considered living organisms because they

cannot reproduce on their own, need host cell

Matter

Anything that has mass and takes up space, composed of atoms

Molecules

Groups of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds

pH

A range of values used to express the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution, a negative logarithm

Oxidation

loss of electrons

reduction

gain of electrons

covalent bond

A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule

ionic bond

Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another

hydrophobic interactions

a type of weak chemical interaction caused when molecules that do not mix with water

Hydrophilic

Attracted to water

pH scale

A range of values 1-14 used to express the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution, 10x concentration difference

Major elements for life

CHON

capillary action

the combined force of attraction among water molecules and with the molecules of surrounding materials (cohesion and adhesion to walls)

Acid

1-6.9 on pH scale

Base

7.1-14 on pH scale

Is this a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell?

Prokaryotic cell

Is this a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell?

Eukaryotic Cell, has compartmentalization which allows for organelles

Is a virus alive?

No, it cannot reproduce, growth and development, not made of cells so cannot be killed