Michael & Miguel ARTICLE 2020

Stimuli Value Variation

The idea that the worth of certain stimuli can change based on other environmental factors.

Reinforcing Consequences

Outcomes that increase the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.

Reinforcement Effectiveness

The degree to which a consequence influences behavior.

Motivation

The driving force behind behaviors, influenced by the value of reinforcers and the frequency of reinforced behaviors.

Behavior Analytic Perspective

A viewpoint that focuses on the relationship between behavior and its consequences to understand motivation.

Drive

Changes in behavior influenced by motivational variables, as initially described by Skinner in 1938.

Establishing Operation (EO)

Environmental variables that momentarily alter the effectiveness of a stimulus as a reinforcer and the frequency of behavior reinforced by that stimulus, reintroduced by Michael in 1982.

Motivating Operation (MO)

An inclusive term proposed by Laraway et al. in 2003 to encompass variables that strengthen or weaken the value of a consequence as a reinforcer.

Setting Event

Variables that fit under the MO definition, as described in the didactic treatment of Skinner's work by Keller and Schoenfeld in 1950.

Abolishing Operation (AO)

An MO that decreases the reinforcing effectiveness of a stimulus, object, or event.

Evocative Effect

An MO that increases the current frequency of behavior reinforced by a stimulus, object, or event.

Abative Effect

An MO that decreases the current frequency of behavior reinforced by a stimulus, object, or event.

Progressive Ratio (PR) Schedule

A schedule where response requirements increase after each reinforcer delivery, used to assess the potency of specific reinforcers.

Extinction

A condition where no reinforcers are received, leading to changes in behavior due to the level of the MO.

Value-Altering Effect

The influence of an MO on the potency of a reinforcer to increase or decrease behavior frequency.

Reinforcing Potency of Food

The increased motivation for food due to food deprivation, making food-seeking behaviors more intense.

Direct Evocative Effect of Motivating Operations

The ability of a motivating operation to directly increase the frequency of a behavior without the need for specific cues or stimuli.

Discriminative Stimuli (SD)

Cues or signals that evoke a specific behavior, such as a friend carrying snacks serving as an SD for requesting food.

Function-altering Effects

Changes in behavior due to antecedent variables like motivating operations or discriminative stimuli, without altering the overall behavioral repertoire.

Consequence Variables

Events following a behavior that influence the likelihood of that behavior recurring, including reinforcers, punishers, extinction, or recovery from punishment procedures.

Discriminative Stimulus (SD)

An antecedent variable that affects behavior due to its correlation with the availability of a reinforcer in the past.

Motivating Operation (MO)

An antecedent variable that influences behavior by altering the effectiveness of a reinforcer for that behavior.

Differential Availability

Refers to the presence of a reinforcer in the presence of an SD and its absence in the absence of the SD.

Differential Effectiveness

Indicates that a reinforcer is effective in the presence of an MO and ineffective in its absence.

Unconditioned Motivating Operations (UMOs)

Events or conditions with unlearned value-altering effects, such as food deprivation and painful stimulation.

Reinforcer-Establishing Effect

MOs like food deprivation establish the effectiveness of a reinforcer and evoke behaviors that have produced that reinforcer.

Reinforcer-Abolishing Effect

MOs like food ingestion abolish the effectiveness of a reinforcer and decrease behaviors that have produced that reinforcer.

Sexual Stimulation

The passage of time since last sexual activity functions as a UMO relevant to sexual stimulation.

Temperature Changes

Uncomfortably cold or warm conditions establish the effectiveness of temperature change as a reinforcer and evoke behaviors to achieve comfort.

Reinforcer

A stimulus that, when presented following a behavior, increases the likelihood of that behavior occurring again.

Punisher

A stimulus that, when presented following a behavior, decreases the likelihood of that behavior occurring again.

Unconditioned Reinforcer

A stimulus that is naturally reinforcing, such as food when hungry or water when thirsty.

Conditioned Reinforcer

A stimulus that gains its reinforcing properties through association with other reinforcers.

Motivating Operation (MO)

Environmental variables that alter the effectiveness of consequences and the frequency of behaviors.

Establishing Operation (EO)

A type of MO that increases the effectiveness of a reinforcer or punisher.

Abolishing Operation (AO)

A type of MO that decreases the effectiveness of a reinforcer or punisher.

Discriminative Stimulus (SD)

A stimulus that signals the availability of reinforcement contingent upon a specific behavior.

Discriminative Stimulus for Punishment (SDp)

A stimulus that signals the availability of punishment contingent upon a specific behavior.

Generalized Conditioned Punisher

A stimulus associated with a wide range of punishers, making it effective in various situations.

Conditioned Motivating Operations (CMOs)

Motivating variables that alter the reinforcing effectiveness of stimuli, objects, or events due to an organism's learning history.

Surrogate Conditioned Motivating Operation (CMO-S)

A previously neutral stimulus that acquires motivating operation effects by being paired with an Unconditioned Motivating Operation (UMO).

Reflexive Conditioned Motivating Operation (CMO-R)

Any stimulus that precedes painful stimulation and functions as a reinforcer by its own offset, evoking behaviors that have produced such reinforcement in the past.

CMO-R

In early intensive behavioral intervention, questions or instructions followed by prompts to elicit correct responses, which may lead to further social interaction or error correction if responses are incorrect.

Transitive CMO

An environmental variable that establishes the effectiveness of another event as a reinforcer or punisher, such as establishing the value of conditioned reinforcers.

UMO

Unconditioned motivating operation that establishes the effectiveness of unconditioned reinforcers, like food deprivation making food effective as a reinforcer.

Conditioned Reinforcer

A stimulus that gains its reinforcing properties through association with primary reinforcers, such as tokens paired with back-up reinforcers.

Context-Dependent

The effectiveness of conditioned reinforcers is influenced by the context in which they are presented, impacting their value as reinforcers.

Motivating Operation

Environmental variables that alter the reinforcing effectiveness of stimuli, like sudden darkness evoking behavior to obtain a flashlight.

SD

Discriminative stimulus that signals the availability of reinforcement for a specific behavior, like the sight of a screw prompting a request for a screwdriver.

Escape Extinction

A procedure to reduce problem behavior by eliminating the reinforcing effects of escaping aversive tasks, without changing the task demands.

CMO-T

A motivating operation that evokes behavior based on the value of a consequence rather than its availability.

SD

A discriminative stimulus that controls behavior through its relation to reinforcement availability.

Mand Training

Essential in language programs for individuals with limited verbal repertoires, requiring learners to make appropriate verbal responses to obtain desired items.

Conditioned Reinforcer

Any stimulus that gains reinforcing properties through association with other reinforcers, used to teach mands by arranging environments.

Interrupted-Chain Procedure

Withholding an item needed to complete a task to increase its value as a reinforcer, commonly used in teaching mands to individuals with disabilities.

Generalization

The occurrence of learned behaviors in new settings or circumstances, influenced by the presence of relevant motivating operations.

Functional Control

Placing behavior under the control of motivating operations to ensure the effectiveness of interventions and responses.

Preference Assessments

Evaluations of preferred items or activities under different conditions to determine the impact of motivating operations on approach responses.

Functional Analysis

Assessing the function of problem behaviors in the presence or absence of motivating operations and reinforcers to guide interventions.

Three-Term Contingency

Behavior influenced by motivating operations that modulate the effectiveness of reinforcement and discriminative stimuli, crucial for behavior analysis interventions.