Advantages + disadvantages of bipedalism

Bipedalism is more energy efficient than __________ locomotion over distances.

Quadrupedal

Walking upright allows humans to cover long distances efficiently, which is known as __________ locomotion.

Endurance-based

One advantage of bipedalism is that it frees hands for carrying objects and __________ tasks.

Manipulating complex

Walking upright enhances the __________ field by elevating the head and eyes.

Visual

Bipedalism aids in thermoregulation by reducing heat absorption due to less surface area exposed to __________.

Direct sunlight

A disadvantage of bipedalism is the increased risk of __________ problems due to the stress on the spine.

Back

Bipedalism decreases stability due to a narrower base of __________.

Support

While bipedal locomotion is energy efficient, it is generally __________ than quadrupedal locomotion.

Slower

Increased exposure of vulnerable body parts, such as the abdomen, makes bipedalism a disadvantage for __________.

Predators

Pregnancy and childbirth challenges arise from the __________ birth canal due to bipedalism.

Narrow