Motivation, Emotion, and Stress (5)

Motivation

is the purpose, or driving force, behind our actions. It can be extrinsic, based on external circumstances; or intrinsic, based on internal drive or perception.

Extrinsic

based on external circumstances

Intrinsic

based on internal drive or perception.

Instincts, arousal, drives, and needs

The primary factors that influence motivation are these.

Instincts

innate, fixed patterns of behavior.

Instinct theory of motivation

people perform certain behaviors because of evolutionarily programmed instincts.

Arousal theory

people perform actions to maintain arousal at an optimal level.

Arousal

the state of being awake and reactive to stimuli

Yerkes-Dodson law

shows that performance is optimal at a medium level of arousal.

Drives

internal states of tension that beget particular behaviors focused on goals.

Primary drives

are related to bodily processes.

Secondary drives

stem from learning and include accomplishments and emotions.

Drive reduction theory

states that motivation arises from the desire to eliminate drives, which create uncomfortable internal states.

Physiological needs, safety and security, love and belonging, self-esteem, and self-actualization

Maslow's hierarchy of needs prioritizes needs into five categories: ___________ (in order of highest to lowest priority).

Self-determination theory

emphasizes the role of three universal needs: autonomy, competence, and relatedness.

Autonomy, competence, and relatedness

Self-determination theory emphasizes the role of three universal needs: ________.

Incentive theory

explains motivation as the desire to pursue rewards and avoid punishments.

Expectancy-value theory

states that the amount of motivation for a task is based on the individual's expectation of success and the amount that success is valued.

Opponent-process theory

explains motivation for drug use: as drug use increases, the body counteracts its effects, leading to tolerance and uncomfortable withdrawal symptoms.

Sexual motivation

is related to hormones as well as cultural and social factors.

Emotion

is a state of mind, or feeling, that is subjectively experienced based on circumstances, mood, and relationships.

Cognitive, behavioral, and physiological

The three components of emotion are ___________.

Cognitive

subjective

Behavioral

facial expressions and body language

Physiological

changes in the autonomic nervous system

Happiness, sadness, contempt, surprise, fear, disgust, and anger

The seven universal emotions

James-Lange theory

nervous system arousal leads to an emotional experience.

Cannon-Bard theory

arousal of the nervous system and the experience of emotion occur simultaneously.

Schachter-Singer theory

nervous system arousal is combined with cognition to create the experience of emotion.

Limbic system

the primary nervous system component involved in experiencing emotion.

Amygdala

involved with attention and fear, helps interpret facial expressions, and is part of the intrinsic memory system for emotional memory.

Thalamus

a sensory processing station.

Hypothalamus

releases neurotransmitters that affect mood and arousal.

Hippocampus

creates long-term explicit (episodic) memories.

Prefrontal cortex

involved with planning, expressing personality, and making decisions.

Ventral prefrontal cortex

critical for experiencing emotion.

Ventromedial prefrontal cortex

involved in controlling emotional responses from the amygdala and decision making.

Stress

The physiological and cognitive response to challenges or life changes.

Primary appraisal

classifying a potential stressor as irrelevant, benign-positive, or stressful.

Secondary appraisal

directed at evaluating if the organism can cope with the stress, based on harm, threat, and challenge.

Stressor

anything that leads to a stress response and can include environment, daily events, workplace or academic settings, social expectations, chemicals, and biological. Psychological include pressure, control, predictability, frustration, and conflict. These can lead to distress or eustress.

Alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

The three stages of the general adaptation syndrome are ________.