Sport Psychology Exam 4

Purposes of Communication (5)

• Persuasion

• Evaluation

• Informing

• Motivating

• Problem Solving

Communication Process (5)

1. Decision to send a message

2. Encoding the message

3. Message is transmitted through a channel or medium

4. Decoding the message

5. Internal response to the message

40% of communication is _____ in a typical day, yet there is very little structured training in this skill.

Listening

The % of understanding gained from spoken word is _____ than the meaning that people gain from listening to tone of voice or nonverbal communication

less

Participants in a study could pick out the winning tennis player ___% of the time by only body language

75

Examples of Breakdown in Communication (6)

• Giving Unsolicited Advice

• Preaching or Moralizing

• Giving Orders

• Put Downs

• Criticisms

• Ridicule

Confrontation is _____

a face-to-face discussion among people in conflict

When should you confront? (3)

• In control

• Thinking clearly

  • Striving to understand

How should you confront? (3)

• Be empathetic

• Be cautious

  • Proceed Gradually

Being Assertive (DESC formula)

• Describe the situation

• Express your feelings

• Specify changes

  • Consequences that will occur

_____ often makes the difference between success and failure

Effective Communication

3 Components to Receiving Messages Effectively

• Active Listening

• Supportive Listening

• Aware Listening

_____ training is the foundation of performance

Mental

Psychological Skills Training (PST) is the _____, _____ practice of mental or psychological skills

systematic, consistent

PST Methods/Techniques (8)

1. Behavior Modification

2. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

3. Rational Emotive Therapy

4. Goal Setting

5. Attentional Control

6. Progressive Muscle Relaxation

7. Systematic Desensitization

8. Imagery

Mentals Toughness involves (5):

• Focusing

• Rebounding from failure

• Persisting in the face of adversity

• Coping with pressure

  • Mental resilience

Four “C”’s of Mental Toughness

• Control

• Commitment

• Challenge

• Confidence

Why Psychological Skills are Neglected (3):

• Lack of knowledge (myths)

• PSs are viewed as unchangeable

• Lack of time

PST Myths

• Only for problem or elite athletes

• PST is only a quick-fix

• PST is not useful

___% of studies found positive performance effects from PST

85

PST Training Phases (3):

1. Educational Phase

2. Acquisition Phase

3. Practice Phase

The primary goal of a PST program is _____; the long-term goal is _____

self-regulation; generalization

Kirschenbaum’s Five-stage Model of Self-Regulation

The person/athlete must recognize the problem and want to change.

The best time to implement a PST program is _____; the worst time is _____.

during offseason; during competitive season

New mental skills often need to be practiced in ___ minute intervals ___ times per week

15-30; 3-5

Designing a Mental Training Program (5):

• Assess the situation

• Evaluate individual skills

• Determine psychological skills tot each

• Establish a training schedule

• Evaluate the program

Methods of Assessment (4):

• Questionnaire

• Interview

• Profiling

• Observation

The _____ model is one of the best for profiling

Circular

Profiling Methods (3):

• Circular Model

• Hierarchical Order

• Profile Graph

Collecting data is the only way to _____ judge whether a program achieves its goals

objectively

How individuals _____ with anxiety is more important than _____ anxiety they experience

cope; how much

Anxiety Reduction Strategies (3)

1. Somatic

   1. breath control

   2. progressive muscle relaxation

   3. biofeedback

2. Cognitive

   1. systematic desensitization

   2. relaxation response

   3. autogenic training

3. Multimodal

   1. affective stress management

   2. stress-inoculation training

   3. hypnosis (low efficacy)

Most effective pace for Resonance Breathing Frequency

6 Breaths per Minute

_____ involves managing external and/or internal demands appraised as too taxing or exceeding one’s resources; list (2) types

coping; problem-focused, emotion-focused, and social support

Problem-focused coping is best for situations that are _____; emotion-focused coping is best for situations that are _____

amenable to change; not changeable