Lecture 1: Anatomy Basics (BMD 310 - Exam 1)

Anatomy

the study of structure and the relationships of structures

How many body systems are there?

eleven

Integumentary system

• skin, hair, nails, sweat, and oil glands

• function: protects the body

Skeletal system

• bones, joints, and associated cartilage

• function: supports, protects, provides attachment, production and storage

Muscular system

• skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle

• function: brings about body movements posture, heat production

Nervous system

• brain, spinal cord, nerves, special senses

• function: generates action potentials to regulate body activities

Cardiovascular system

• blood, heart, blood vessels

• function: pumps blood through vessels, carry oxygen, regulates acid-base balance, temperature and water content, protection and repair

Respiratory system

• lungs, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchial tubes

• function: transfer oxygen to blood and carbon dioxide from blood, sound production and acid-base balance

Digestive system

• GI organs and accessory organs

• function: absorb nutrients, eliminate waste

Urinary system

• kidney, ureters, bladder, urethra

• function: produces, sorts, and eliminates waste, regulates RBC production

Reproductive system

• gonads and associated organs

• function: produce gametes, release hormones, transportation and storage

Endocrine system

• hormone producing glands and cells

• function: regulates body activities through the release of hormones

Lymphatic and Immunity System

• spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, tonsils, lymph fluid, and vessels

• function: carrier, protection, returns fluid and protein to blood

Six life processes that are important for human function and sustainability are…

• Metabolism

• Responsiveness

• Movement

• Growth

• Differentiation

• Reproduction

Anatomic position

standing upright, feet flat on the floor, eyes and nose facing forward, palms facing forward

Cranial

head

Frontal

forehead

Orbital

eye and area around the eye

Nasal

nose

Oral

mouth

Mental

chin

Otic

ear

Buccal

cheek

Cervical

neck

Costal

ribs

Pectoral

chest wall

Pericardial

heart and heart area

Mammary

breast

Abdominal

abdomen

Umbilical

belly button

Coxal

hip, specifically related to the hip joint

Pelvic

area encompassed by the pelvic bones

Inguinal

groin, region where the thigh and pelvis meet

Pubic

anterior part of the pelvis, includes external genitalia

Axillary

armpit

Brachial

arm

Cubital

anterior elbow region

Antebrachial

forearm

Carpal

wrist

Pollex

thumb

Palmar

palm

Phalangeal

digits

Femoral

thigh

Patellar

knee cap

Crural

leg (shin area)

Pedal

foot

Hallux

big toe

Phalangeal

digits (same as upper limb)

Occipital

back of head

Acromial

top of shoulder

Brachial

arm

Olecranon

elbow

Antebrachial

forearm

Dorsal

back

Vertebral

spine

Sacral

back of pelvis

Gluteal

buttocks

Femoral

thigh

Popliteal

back of knee

Sural

calf

Calcaneal

heel

Plantar

sole of foot

sagittal plane

divides the body into left and right sections

coronal/frontal plane

divides the body into anterior and posterior sections

midsagittal plane

sagittal plane is placed on the midline of the body

parasagittal plane

other sagittal planes that are not on the midline

transverse plane

divides the body into superior and inferior sections

flexion

a movement that reduces the angle of a joint

extension

increases the angle

abduction

the movement of a body part away from the midline

adduction

moving a part closer to the midline

supination

the palms are up in this position

pronation

when the palms are rotated posteriorly

Protraction

pushing a part anterior

Retraction

pulling the part posteriorly

Cranial cavity

formed by the flat bones of the skull and contains the brain

Orbit cavity

the space containing the eyeball, eye muscles, and optic nerve

Nasal cavity

the space deep to the visible nose

Oral cavity (mouth)

lined with a mucous membrane and contains the teeth, tongue, and salivary glands. The oral cavity is defined by the mandible, maxilla, and muscles of the face

Vertebral canal

the space within the vertebrae where the spinal cord resides

Thoracic cavity

defined by the vertebral column posteriorly, ribs laterally and sternum anteriorly. This cavity can be further subdivided into the mediastinum and pleural cavities.

Mediastinum

found on the midline and contains the heart, part of the trachea, part of the esophagus, and the great vessels carrying blood to and from the heart

Pleural cavities

there are two of these; each one contains one lung and is lined by a serous membrane called pleura.

Abdominal cavity

the largest of the body cavities and contains most of the digestive system organs

Pelvic cavity

inferior to the abdominal cavity and is defined by the bones of the pelvis; the organs of production and excretion are found in the pelvic cavity.

right hypochondriac region

identify

epigastric region

identify

left hypochondriac region

identify

right lumbar region

identify

umbilical region

identify

left lumbar region

identify

right iliac region

identify

hypogastric region

identify

left iliac region

identify

Symptom

• how a patient describes what is going on

• subjective (headache, nausea, dizziness)

Sign

• measurable, observed changes noted by a clinician

• objective (rash, ulcer, lesion, fever, high blood pressure, paralysis)