General Chemistry Topic Quiz Review

Compendium of practice questions covering General Chemistry topics including separation processes, quantum numbers, periodic trends, thermodynamics, and physiological ions based on the provided quiz transcript.

Which separation process utilizes differences in solvent affinity to separate components of a mixture?

Chromatography

What phrase best describes the occurrence when water undergoes electrolysis to form hydrogen and oxygen molecules?

Chemical change

What is the process responsible for the formation of dry ice?

Deposition

Which substance forms a yellow, curdy precipitate that is readily soluble in potassium cyanide and sodium thiosulphate, very slightly soluble in concentrated ammonia, and insoluble in dilute nitric acid?

$$AgBr$$

Into what substance does a weak oxidizing agent oxidize glucose?

Gluconic acid

What type of chemical reaction occurs when a substance splits into a simpler substance?

Decomposition reaction

What is the oxidation number of chromium in potassium chromate with the chemical formula $KCrO_4$?

7

Which principle states that the rate of reaction is proportional to the product of the concentrate of the reactants to the power of its coefficient in a balanced equation?

Law of Mass Action

What is the term for the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atom?

Mass number

What are elements that have the same number of protons called?

Isotopes

What are elements called that have different numbers of protons and neutrons but the same mass number?

Isobars

Which quantum number gives the spatial orientation of the electron cloud with respect to the three areas in space?

Magnetic quantum number

Which quantum number is used to describe the approximate measure of the size of the electron cloud?

Principal quantum number

Which quantum number is related to the shape of atomic orbitals?

Azimuthal quantum number

According to Pauli's Exclusion Principle, an atom cannot have 2 electrons in the same energy level or orbital that have the same set of __________?

quantum numbers

Which principle states that it is impossible to accurately determine simultaneously the position and motion of an electron?

Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

What is the name of the polyatomic anion $ClO_4^-$?

Perchlorate ion

What is the major cation of the extracellular fluid?

$$Na^+$$

What is the predominant ion in the intracellular fluid?

$$K^-$$

Which element predominates in the plasma and interstitial fluids?

Sodium

What is the principal anion in the intracellular fluid compartment?

Phosphate

In cation analysis, what is the name given to group I ions?

Insoluble chloride group

Which substance can be used to precipitate chlorides?

Silver nitrate

Which substance forms a white precipitate with $HCl$ but blackens upon the addition of ammonium hydroxide?

Mercurous

Which ion gives a white precipitate with $HCl$ that is soluble in excess ammonium hydroxide but reprecipitated upon adding nitric acid?

Silver

Who prepared the modern periodic table of elements?

Moseley

What is the lightest of all metals?

Lithium

Which alkali metal melts above 100^\farad C?

Lithium

Which group in the periodic table is referred to as the "alkali metals"?

Group I-A

Which group of elements is referred to as the chalcogens?

VI-A

Which group in the periodic table is known as the salt forming group?

Group VIIA

Which group of elements is referred to as "coinage" metal?

Group I-B

Which elements are referred to as the volatile metals?

Cadmium, Mercury, and Zinc

Which elements constitute the triad of Group VIII?

$Fe$, $Co$, and $Ni$

As you move across a period from right to left and top to bottom of a group, which property of elements increases?

Atomic size

What is the most electronegative element?

$$F$$

What is the term for elements that exist in two or more crystalline forms?

Allotropic

How is the black phosphorus allotrope made?

By heating phosphorus at 200^\farad C under a pressure of $1,200\text{ }atm$

In what four properties do polymorphs differ?

Bioavailability, Stability, Melting Point, and Solubility

Which three elements are considered amphoteric?

Beryllium, Zinc, and Aluminum

What is the concentration of a solution that contains one gram equivalent weight of solute in a liter of solution?

Normal solution

What is released when acids are in solution?

Protons

Which specific acid undergoes the least amount of ionization in water?

Boric acid

What is the term for the transfer of a proton from one molecule to another identical molecule?

Autoprotolytic

Give an example of a triprotic acid.

Phosphoric acid

What is defined as the negative log of the concentration of hydronium ions in a solution?

pH

Which salt is found in the bicarbonate buffer system of the extracellular fluid of the human body?

Sodium bicarbonate

What is the term for the amount of a strong acid or base that must be added to a liter of solution to change the pH by one unit?

Buffer capacity

How far do Beta particles penetrate tissue?

$$1\text{ }cm$$

Which type of radiation has the greatest penetrating power?

Gamma radiation

What is the equivalent of $1\text{ }Becquerel$ in Curies?

$$2.7 \times 10^{-11}\text{ }curie$$

What is the name of the negative electrode?

Cathode

Which rule states that when a stress is applied to a system in equilibrium, the equilibrium shifts to relieve the stress?

Le Chatelier's Principle

According to thermodynamics, what is the meaning of Enthalpy?

Heat content

What thermodynamic potential calculates the maximum reversible work performed by a system at constant temperature and pressure?

Gibbs Free Energy

Which law states that the entropy of a pure, crystalline solid at absolute zero temperature is zero?

Third Law of Thermodynamics

What characterization best describes facilitated diffusion?

Carrier-specific

What term refers to the movement of particles in the body that also means solvent shifts?

Bulk transport

Which sulphated polysaccharide compound extracted from brown algae is active against herpes simplex virus?

Fucoidan

What polysaccharide obtained from red seaweeds is used in toothpaste as an emulsifying agent?

Carrageenan

What wax is obtained from whales and used in cosmetic creams and fine wax candles?

Spermaceti