what is biotechnology

what is the definition for biothecnology

Biotechnology is the manipulation of living organisms or their components to develop products or processes for specific uses, including medical, agricultural, and environmental applications.

what are three traditional biotechnology products

Fermented foods, antibiotics, and enzymes.

what are two examples of modern biotechnology products

Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and biopharmaceuticals.

when did the modern biotechnology industry begin

in the mid-1970s with the advent of recombinant DNA technology.

when did humans begin selectively breeding plants and live stock

8000 BC

when was wine first invented

around 6000 BC

who developed brewing and cheese making

Ancient civilizations, particularly in Mesopotamia and Egypt, developed brewing and cheese making.

what was the first antibiotic used for culture when ?

The first antibiotic, penicillin, was discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928 and used clinically starting in the early 1940s.

who discovered proteins

Proteins were first identified by the Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius in the early 19th century, with the term "protein" introduced by the Dutch chemist Gerardus Johannes Mulder.

when was the origins of species published

Charles Darwin's "On the Origin of Species" was published in 1859, introducing the theory of evolution by natural selection.

when was pastureizsation developed

Pasteurization was developed in the 1860s by Louis Pasteur to prevent spoilage and improve food safety.

when did Mendel establish the principles of genetics

Gregor Mendel established the principles of genetics in the mid-19th century, with his work on pea plants published in 1866.

who and when developed the first rabies vaccine

Louis Pasteur developed the first rabies vaccine in 1885, significantly advancing immunology and public health.

when did the term biotechnology first appear in print

The term biotechnology first appeared in print in 1919, coined by Hungarian engineer Karl Ereky.

who discovered penicillin and during what year

Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928, marking a breakthrough in antibiotic research.

who discovered DNA as the carrier of genetics information

James Watson and Francis Crick discovered DNA as the carrier of genetic information in 1953, elucidating the molecular structure of DNA.

when was the structure of DNA discoverd

The structure of DNA was discovered in 1953 by James Watson and Francis Crick, revealing the double helix formation.

when was mRNA discovered

mRNA was discovered in 1961 by François Jacob and Jacques Monod, playing a crucial role in the understanding of gene expression and protein synthesis.

when was the first gene synthesized

The first gene was synthesized in 1970 by Har Gobind Khorana and his colleagues, marking a significant milestone in molecular biology.

when was recombinant insulin produced ? by which company ?

Recombinant insulin was first produced in 1982 by Genentech, marking a breakthrough in diabetes treatment.

when was DNA fingerprinting first used

DNA fingerprinting was first used in 1984 by Sir Alec Jeffreys, revolutionizing forensic science and paternity testing.

when was the first GMO grown

The first genetically modified organism (GMO) was grown in 1994, specifically a strain of tobacco engineered to be resistant to certain pests.

when was the human genome project launched

The Human Genome Project was launched in 1990, aiming to map and understand all the genes of the human species.

what was the first cloned mammal when

a sheep in 1997

when was golden rice developed

1999

when was the human genome project finished

2003

when was the first HPV vaccine approved

2003

when was the first self-replicating bacterial cell created

2010

when was CAS9 used for gene editing

2012

when were MRNA vaccines first used

2021

who discovered proteins

jons

what are the different sectors in biotechnology

medical, agricultural, industrial, and environmental biotechnology.

what are the key techniques in biotechnology

genetic engineering, recombinant DNA technology, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), DNA sequencing, gel electrophoresis, plant tissue culture, and CRISPR-Cas9

what is ethical consideration around biotechnology

what are the tools in biotechnology

restriction enzymes, cloning vectors, DNA ligase, PCR, and bioinformatics software. 

what are two key instruments in biothecnology

pcr and chromatography

what is chromatography

a method of quantifying dna proteins via light

what is gene transfer

a genetic delivery system

what is protein purification

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what is pcr

pcr amplifies dna

what are the key concepts behind using biotechnology in biodefence

biotechnology can help the government with rapid identification,forensics work, and can contribute to the creation of new vaccines in the name of national defence

what was the founding biotech company what was there first product

genentech and there first product was insulin

what is the difference between biotech and pharmaceutical companys

biotech companies create biological drugs while pharmaceutical company’s create chemical drugs

who are the key users in biotechnology

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what is genomics

a

what is protonomics

v

what is precision medicine

medicine that targets specific genetic markers to help cure/prevent desires

what happens during the drug discovery phase of drug development

extensive testing on animals

what happens during phase one of clinical trials

a few people are tested on to ensure drug safety

what happens during phase two of clinical trials

hundreds of people are tested on to ensure drug effectiveness

what happens during phase three of clinical trials

thousands of people are tested on to confirm drug results

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what are the for common hazards in the lab

chemical,biological,physical, and ergonomic

what does OSHA recommend to ensure safety

a chemical hygiene plan

what must initial and recurrent training require

general safety procedures, standard operating procedures, lab specific procedures, and emergency procedures

what is PPE

personal protective equipment

when should PPE be worn

when working with potential hazards

what is eye protection

any devise or eye wear designed to shield and safe guard the eyes from potential hazards

what is hand protection

any devise or wear designed to shield and safe guard the hands from potential hazards

what are body/foot protection

any device or wear designed to shield and safe guard the body/feet from potential hazards

what is the MSDS

a document detailing standard lab procedures

when should fume hoods be used

when dealing with hazardous gases

what are biosafety levels

a four tiered system of containment and safety precautions to protect the environment/public from infectious agents

what is BLS1

the lowest of the biosafety levels no specialized equipment required

what is BSL 2

bio safety level 2 same standers as bsl1 but with extra safety precautions

what is BSL leval 3/4

the highest BSL leval many precautions and equipment are used to prevent lab leaks

how should microorganisms be disposed

in clearly labeled leak proof bags that are then treated for the containments

what tools measure volume

graduated cylinder and micropipet

what tool measures mass

analytical balances

what is normal body temp

37 c

what is normal room temp

22 c

whats ph meters

ph is measured with electrodes and standers buffers

how should glass wear be cleaned

1 rinsed with detergent, 2 rinced with distilled water, 3 dry, 4 sterialise

what is an autoclave

an extremely effective disinfectant machine

what are the different methods for disinfection

10% bleach solution, 70% ethanol solution, and uv light filtration

what is the purpose of the lab note book

to recorded and document lab findings

what are SI units

grams,liters,degrees celsius

what is the dilution formula

C1V1 = C2V2

what are some examples of microbes used in dairy products

Lactobacillus species (e.g., L. casei, L. bulgaricus), Lactococcus species (e.g., L. lactis), Streptococcus species (e.g., S. thermophilus), and Leuconostoc species

how are microbes used in dairy products

to transform milk into fermented products like yogurt and cheese through fermentation

how do microbes break down organic waste

by secreting enzymes that decompose complex organic compounds into simpler substances, releasing nutrients and energy

how are microbes used in healthcare

to produce drugs like antibiotics and chemotherapy agents, serve as sources for vaccines, and are engineered to act as therapeutic agents themselves, such as for cancer treatment and gene delivery.

what are pathogens

harmful microbes

what is anabolism

a metabolic process where simpler molecules are used to build complex ones

what is catabolism

the metabolic process of breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones, releasing energy in the process, which is then used to fuel bodily functions

where does metabolism happen in bacteria

in the cytoplasm and across the cytoplasmic membrane.

what is fermentation

Fermentation is the chemical breakdown of carbohydrates, such as sugars, into simpler substances

what are the end products of fermentation

organic acids (like lactic acid, acetic acid, succinate, and butyrate), alcohols (such as ethanol), carbon dioxide, and hydrogen gas.

what is glucose

a simple suger

what is oxidation

a chemical reaction where a substance loses electrons

what is reduction

making something smaller

what happens when glucose is oxidized

it loses electrons and is broken down, ultimately producing carbon dioxide, water, and releasing energy in the form of ATP

what is glycolysis

the fundamental metabolic process in which a molecule of glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate, producing a net gain of ATP (energy) and NADH (an electron carrier)

what happens to pyruvate in the presence of oxygen

pyruvate moves into the mitochondria, where it is converted to acetyl-CoA

what does fermentation begin with

Fermentation begins with glycolysis

what is lactic acid fermentation

an anaerobic metabolic process in which glucose (sugar) is converted into lactic acid and energy (ATP)

what is alcoholic fermentation

Alcoholic fermentation is a biological process in which yeast and certain other microorganisms convert sugars into ethanol (alcohol) and carbon dioxide in the absence of oxygen

why is fermentation important

it preserves foods, enhances flavor and digestibility, increases nutritional value by creating vitamins and breaking down complex molecules, and produces vital products like alcoholic beverages, dairy products, and pharmaceuticals

what is milk rich in

calcium,fat,and protein

what pathogens can be found in milk

bacteria like E. coli, Salmonella, Listeria, and Campylobacter; viruses such as H5N1 avian influenza and Norovirus; and even some parasites.