Pharmacolohy MCQ

Define pharmacokinetics

what the body does to the drug

Define pharmacodynamics

what the drug does to the body

Iv onset time

30-60sec

IO onset time

60sec

INH onset time

3min

IN onset time

3-5 min

buccal onset time

3-5 min

rectal onset

5-30

IM onset

10-20 min

subcut onset

15-30 min

oral

30-90 min

define bioavaliability

the proportion o fa drug that is avaliable to systemic circulation and can have an effect

role of plasma protiens?

maintain osmostic pressure

drugs bind to the them

two types of plasma proteins

globulins

albumin

blood brain barrier functions

stops large, charged, non lipophilic molecules passing

main enzyme in phase 1 reactions

CYP450

what reactions are phase 1

oxidation

what reactions are phase 2

conjugate

define a prodrug

a drug given in an inactivee form, which is then metabolized into an active form in the body

define elimation

process when a drug is placed into a substance that will then be excreted from the body

define excretion

the movement of a drug from tissues into the eliminating organ

define half life

the time taken for the concentration of a drug in the plasma to decrease by half

half life of paracetemol

1-4 hours

define zero order elimination

a constant amount of drug is eliminated per unit of time

define First Order Elimination

the amount of drug eliminated is proportional to the amount present

define the therapeutic effect

minimum amount of drug needed to produce an effective response

define toxic threshold

minimum amount of drug needed to produce a toxic response

define therapeutic index

dose of a drug that is between 50% effective dose and 50% toxic response

4 main sites of drug action

receptors

enzymes

ion channels

carriers

whats an antacid

a drug that neutralises

what is a chelating agent

a compund that reacts with metal ions to form h20

what is an agonist

chemical substance that binds to a receptor and stimlates its action

what is an antagonist

a chemical substance that binds to a receptor but stimulates no action

what is an inverse agonist

a drug that binds to a receptor, inhibits baseline activity

what are endogenous ligands vs exogenous ligands

endo come from inside the body

exo come from outside

what receptor does adrenaline work on

adrenoreceptor agents

whats the classification of adrenaline

sympathetic hormone

what receptor does salbutamol work on

b2 adrenoreceptor agent

classification of salbutamol

sympathomimetic drug

what receptor does

ipratropium bromide

act on

muscarinic receptor agent

whats the classification of

ipratropium bromide

anticholinergic agent

what receptor does clopidogrel work on

platelet ADP antagonist

whats the classification of Clopidogrel

antiplatelet drug

what receptors do chorphenamine work on

histamine receotor inverse agonist

whats the classification of chlorphenamine

antihistamine drug

what receptor action do naloxone have

opioid receptor inverse agonist

whats the classification of naloxone

opioid antagonist drug

what are some features of h1 receptors

itching

increased vascular permeability

systemic vasodilation

name two drugs that would inhibit h1 receptor action (act as an antagonist)

chlorphenamine

cetirizine

name a drug / hormone that would act as an agonist to h1 receptors

histimine

name 3 features of a stimulated h2 receptor

increased HR

stimulation of gastric acid

smooth muscle relaxation

state a drug that would block h2 receptors

ranitidine

what 3 substances are inhibited when h3 receptors are activated

acetylcholine

serotonin

norepinephrine

which histamine receptor is responsible for inflammatory responses

h4

state 3 actions of a1 adrenoreceptors

increased sweating

smooth muscle contraction

pupillary dilation

state 3 actions of a2 adrenoreceptors

increased sweating

noradrenaline secretion is inhibited

platelet activation

define inotropic effects

force of contraction

define chronotropic effects

heart rate

define automaticity

cardiac cells generating action potential

define dromotropic effects

conduction

effects of b1 receptors

increased dromotropic, inotropic, chronotropic and automaticity

noradrenaline secretion is inhibited

effects of b2 receptor

smooth muscle relaxtion

vasodilation

increased insulin

effects of b3 receptor

lipolysis

thermogenesis in skeletal muscle

how is paracetemol sold from pharmacy

32 x 500mg

how is paracetomol sold on general sale

16 x 500mg

give an example of a class B drug

codeine

what is a supplementary prescriber

someone who can prescribe medicine within an agreed plan

what is a schedule 17 exemption

health care professionals are allowed to administer drugs in an emergency situation, even if the drug is not prescribed

what is schedule 19

anyone can administer these drugs in an emergency

name 3 schedule 19 drugs

1;1000 adrenaline IM

Glucagon injection

Glucose injection

Naloxone

Atropine sulfate injection

Hydrocortisone drugs

sodium nitrate

define a patient specific direction

a written instruction where a medicine can be supplied or administered to a specific, named patient after the patient has been assessed indivually

give an example of a patient specific direction

a young childs mum injects him with his drugs he has very specific needs

name 4 things that should be included in a PGD

doses

routes

maximum doses

adverse reactions

what are the 5 contra indications of ibuprofen

allergy

third trimester

active peptic ulcer

renal problems

dehyration

what are the 3 contra indications of morphine

hypotension

reduced GCS

under 1 year old

what are the 4 contra indications of entenox

head injury, altered consciusness

diving in last 24 hours

violent disturbed pts

intestinal obstruction

when is methoxyflurane used (penthrox)

moderate to severe pain in trauma adults

contra indictions of penthrox

resp depression

recent drug use

low consciusness

kidney problems

what part of the airway do steroids target

trachea bronchi

what is hypercapnia

too much o2 in the blood

what is the venturi effect

narrowing of the lumen increases the pressure of the gas

how does ipratroumium bromide prevent bronchoconstriction

IPR acts as an antagonist to the muscarinic receptors, so constriction cant happen

what receptor does salbutamol bind to

b2-adrenergic receptor

what is the neurotransmitter that triggers the vomiting centre a

acetylcholine

how does atropine work

it blocks musarinic receptors so that acetylcholine cant bind to them

what are two features of gram positive bacteria

phospolipid bilayer and peptidoglycan layer

how do bactericidal antibiotics work

they kill bacteria

how do bacteriostatic antibiotics work

they inhibit the reproduction of bacteria

how do glucocorticoid steroids effect the liver

more protine production

how do glucocorticoid steroids effect bones

less calcium absorption

less osteblast activity

how do mineralocorticoud steroids effect the kidneys

increased sodium and fluid retendion

increased BP

what does the hypothalamus release in terms of HPA axis

corticotropin releasing hormone

what hormone does the anterior pituitary gland release

adreno corticotropic hormone

name two antiplatelet drugs

aspirin

clopidogrel

what triggers the clotting extriniscic pathway

platelet aggregration

what do plasminogen activators do

carry out fibrinomylosis

define osmorality

the number of particules per litre that are dissolved in the solute

what does acetllcholine control

parasympathetic nervous system

what is pralidoxime used for

poisenings due to organic phosperous pesticides

what recepor does ondonsetron target

seretonin receptors

5-HT3 recepotors