Dwight D. Eisenhower "Ike" 1953-'61

34th US president, 2 terms, Republican

What was the name of Eisenhower’s programme ?

As a moderate Republican explain what this programme stood for?

“Dynamic Conservatism”

Conservative when it comes to money, liberal when it comes to people.

What future president was Eisenhower’s Vice President? Hint: Both of these Republican men hated communism.

Richard Nixon

Did Eisenhower have any military general experience? If so, in what war?

WW2, planned and coordinated the D-Day landings - “Operation Overlord”

1 key Domestic policy success for Eisenhower was his expansion of …(s…s…)

These benefits were extended to another … million Americans?

Social Security

10 million Americans

In 1953, Eisenhower’s social policy of the department of HEW was formed, what does this stand for?

Department of Health, Education and Welfare

• Another domestic policy success of Eisenhower was in 1956, which became 1 of the largest public works project in US history, creating the 41,000- mile Interstate Highway System, what was the act called?

• How much did it cost?

• The Federal Aid Highway Act (1956)

• $25 billion

In all of Eisenhower’s domestic policies, he sought a centrist-approach to find a middle way between what 2 previous stances of former presidents?

• New Deal liberalism of FDR

• Conservative Republicanism - “laissez-faire” approach of the Passives (Harding/Coolidge/Hoover)

Give 2 of Eisenhower’s domestic policy failures? I.e. 2 things Eisenhower was unable to tackle… (Hint: 1 is Racism, another is criticising Eisenhower’s attitude to Communism)

• Civil Rights

• McCarthyism

Civil Rights

• In 1954, what legal case was Eisenhower reluctant to support, regarding equal education rights for black Americans?

• In 1957, Eisenhower forced himself to intervene in what historic desegregation crisis only when federal authority was directly challenged? (Hint: where was the school and how many student victims were there?)

• In 1957, what act before, LBJ even, did he introduce?

• Brown vs Board of Education

• Little Rock nine

• Civil Rights Act

• Eisenhower failed to curb McCarthyism, who was this named after?

• Aprox. how many communists did McCarthy believe there to be in the federal government?

• McCarthy criticised Eisenhower for being “too soft on communism'“ and not dealing with the “Red Scare” hard enough. Eisenhower was reluctant to take immediate action against him, how did this affected suspected federal government employees lives?

• Media often mocked McCarthy’s paranoid attitude to communism, famously stating “Reds … the …”

• Wisconsin Republican Senator Joe McCarthy

• 200

• damaged their careers and reputations, often sacked (accused of being a communist.)

• “Reds under the bed”

Give 6 foreign policy success of Eisenhower?

• NASA created October 1958, SPACE RACE

• Ending of the Korean War (armistice) - July 1953

• SEATO created - September 1954

• Restraint in Vietnam - 1954

• NATO strengthened to include West Germany - 1955

• The Eisenhower doctrine - 1957

• What was the Eisenhower administration’s initial reaction to the USSR’s launching of ‘Sputnik” in October 1957? What did they call it?

• The creation of the National Aeronautics Space Administration (NASA) in October 1958 launched what race?

• Eisenhower had successfully ended the Korean War with the Armistice of July 1953, how many US lives were lost during this bloody war?

• What parallel was stabilised with the Armistice?

• In September 1954, one year after the armistice, SEATO was created, what did this stand for?

• What was the name of Eisenhower’s Secretary of State who worked alongside him to form SEATO? (Hint: a Washington airport is named after him.)

• In 1955, NATO is strengthened to include what country?

• What prudent move does Eisenhower make in 1954 with Vietnam, concerning US support of the French at the military battle of Dien Bien Phu to avoid a premature war outbreak?

• The Eisenhower Doctrine of 1957 successfully committed US aid to Middle Eastern countries such as … in 1958 to resist communism and to also secure what US interests?

• Downplayed it. Called it “a useless hunk of iron”

• Space Race

• 33,000

• 38th parallel

• South East Asia Treaty Organisation

• John Foster Dulles

• West Germany

• Refuse to commit US ground troops to aid the French

• Lebanon, secure US oil interests

Give 3 Foreign Policy failures of Eisenhower

• U-2 incident in 1960

• Covert Operations in Iran (1953) and Guatemala (1954)

• The Suez Crisis in 1956

• U-2 incident in 1960

What 2 things did this humiliating event collapse for the USA? (Hint: 1 is. “Summit”, both points have French connections)

What was the name of the US pilot shot down by the Soviet forces?

What had the USA initially claimed the plane was?

• Paris Peace Summit and the hopes of a détente with Khrushchev

• Gary Powers

• A weather aircraft that had drifted off course.

• Covert Operations in Iran (1953) and Guatemala (1954)

There was a positive to these CIA led covert operations such as ousting perceived pro-communist leaders, yet like any USA invasion of a foreign nation, what was its long-term outcome?

• it sowed long-term anti-American sentiment and instability.

• The Suez Crisis in 1956

A positive to this crisis is that Eisenhower was able to stop the Anglo-French invasion, however this led to the alienation of key N…O allies?

As well as that it negatively led to the USSR gaining influence as a “pr…tor” of Arab nationalism.

NATO alllies (Britain and France)

“protector”

Give a negative example of Eisenhower’s potential abuse of presidential power?

Refused to give Congress information 44 times between 1955-60 on the grounds of “Executive Privilege”

Korean War 1951-July 1953

In July 1953, Eisenhower signed the Armistice at …

There would be a … parallel formed with … zones along it.

Panmunjom

38th, DMZ