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Bacteria with gram positive cell walls
Firmicutes and Actinobacteria
Firmicutes (endospore forming)
gram positive
endospore forming bacteria that can remain viable for years
resist dying, freezing, and chemical disinfectants
genera: Clostridium and bacillus
lactic acid bacteria
low Guanine and Cytosine content
Bacillus
spore forming genus
B. thuringinesis
B. anthracis
B. cereus
B. thuringiensis
producer of insecticide compounds
block digestive track since they are toxic
B. anthracis
anthrax
transmitted to humans
form of bioterrorism
B.cereus
food poisoning
from starchy foods like rice
Clostridium
obligate anaerobes
produce endospores, anaerobic habitats like soil and aquatic sediments rich in organic nutrients
growing endospore swells the end of the cell, giving a clip. shape
C. tetani
C. botulinum
C. perfringens
C. difficile
C. tetani
tetanus
from soil, rusty nails
inhibits relaxation pathways
produce neurotoxin-->enters neurons--> moves around in CNS and causes static paralysis
C. botulinum
botulism
produce toxin that blocks acetycholine
caused flaccid paralysis
can cosmetically erase wrinkles
C. perfringens
gas gangrene
gets in wounds and causes necrosis in tissue
C. difficile
severe colitis and diarahhea
often after the normal gut microbiota
eradicated by antibiotics
Firmicutes (non-endospore forming)
gram positive
grow at low temperatures
lactic acid bacteria like lactococcus and lactobacillus
ferment milk to make yogurt and cheese
Listeria species
Listeria spp
intracellular pathogens causing diseases affecting GI tract and nervous system
Congenital Listeria Monocytogenes
results in premature delivery, miscarriage, or stillbirth
can cross placenta
Gram positive cocci of Firmicutes (Non-endospore formers)
enterococcus
streptococcus (chains)
staphylococcus (Grape-like clusters--S. aureus)
Streptococcus
spherical cells in chains
gram positive
produce enzymes that damage tissue
aerotolerant, fermentat sugar, lack ETC
found in oral cavity, skin, intestines
demineralize--> cause tooth decay
Two groups of Streptococci
S. pyogenes
S. mutans (viridans)
S. pyogenes
strep throat
S. mutans
dental caries
Beta hemolysis on blood agar
complete hemolysis
zone of clearing (no green color)
S. pyogenes
S. agalactiae
S. algalactiae
neonatal sepsis and meningitis
Alpha hemolysis on blood agar
partial hemolysis (green)
s. pneumoniae
S. mutans
greenish zone of clearing
Enterococcus
gram positive
genus of fecal origin, can be pathogenic
found in intestinal tract; hospital contaminants
E. faecalis and E. faecium
E. faecalis and E. faecium
infect surgical wounds and the urinary tract through catheters
VRE
vancomycin resistant enterococcus
Staphylococcus
grape-like clusters of cocci
facultative anaerobe
tolerate drying and high salt conc
-high osmotic pressure, so can survive in high salt environments
-found in nasal secretions
common commensals and parasites of humans and animals that occasionally cause serious infections
S. epidermis and S. aureus
S. aureus
causes wound infections
antibiotic resistant
produces enterotoxin
MRSA, skin skalded syndrome
can cause food poisoning
S.epidermis
lives on skin and mucous membranes; endocarditis, bacteremia, UTI
Mycoplasma
bacteria lacking a cell wall
parasitize multicellular organisms
pleomorphic
maybe the smallest-self replicating organisms capable of a free-living organisms
live within animal and plant hosts
small genomes
M. pneuominae
Low guanine and cytosine
Firmicutes
High guanine and cytosine
Actinobacteria
Actinobacteria
high G+C gram positive bacteria
distinctive feature: presence of several different peptidoglycan in cell wall
A. israelli, S. coelicolor
highly pleomorphic, some branching filaments (branching bacteria)
common inhabitant in soil
Actinomyces israelii
forms branched mycelial filaments
endocarditis-inflammation of the inner lining of heart
Streptomyces
most important genus of antibiotic producers
reproductive asexual spores formed at the ends of aerial filaments
-if each spore lands on a suitable substrate, can germinate into a new colony
Streptomyces coelicolor
forms branched mycelial filaments
produces many antibiotics
Actinomycetes
form mycelia with branching filaments
important in soil ecology and some species are human pathogens
Frankia
nitrogen fixing bacteria
form symbiotic relationship with alder trees to do nitrogen fixation
Nocardia
Form fragmenting filaments; acid-fast
N. asteroides causes pulmonary infections
resembles mycobacteria
Actinobacteria (that are not actinomycetes)
-cell walls contain mycolic acid and cells stain acid-fast
-dont form mycelia
-pathogens and symbionts
--> Gardnerella vaginalis, Corynebacterium diptheriae, proprionibacterium freudreichii, Cutibacterium
-bacilli and cocci
Gardnerella vaginalis
bacterial vaginosis
plemorphic, gram variable, doesn't stain well
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Diphtheria toxin
diagnostic
white/grayish membrane forms in throat and blocks air to reach lungs
prevented using DTaP vaccination
Cutibacterium acnes
Gram-positive bacilli/rods
found on skin
acne
producing propanoic acid
Key genus of Actinobacteria
Mycobacterium
common in soils and and most are harmless
contains several human pathogens
-Acid fast (AFB), mycelia acids
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium leprae
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
causes tuberculosis
use skin test for exposure
vaccine not prevalent in U.S since it interferes with skin test
Deinoccocus radiodurans
high G +C, gram positive bacteria
more resistant to radiation than endospores
unique arrangement of DNA that facilitates rapid repair of radiation damage
red/pink color due to carotenoids
Theramus aquaticus
found in hot springs in Yellowstone national park
source of Taq polymerase
Taq polymerase
thermotolerant enzyme used in polymerase chain reaction (PTC)