Gram Positive Bacteria (Chapter 4, Exam 2)

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47 Terms

1

Bacteria with gram positive cell walls

Firmicutes and Actinobacteria

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2

Firmicutes (endospore forming)

gram positive

endospore forming bacteria that can remain viable for years

resist dying, freezing, and chemical disinfectants

genera: Clostridium and bacillus

lactic acid bacteria

low Guanine and Cytosine content

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3

Bacillus

spore forming genus

B. thuringinesis

B. anthracis

B. cereus

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4

B. thuringiensis

producer of insecticide compounds

block digestive track since they are toxic

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5

B. anthracis

anthrax

transmitted to humans

form of bioterrorism

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6

B.cereus

food poisoning

from starchy foods like rice

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7

Clostridium

obligate anaerobes

produce endospores, anaerobic habitats like soil and aquatic sediments rich in organic nutrients

growing endospore swells the end of the cell, giving a clip. shape

C. tetani

C. botulinum

C. perfringens

C. difficile

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8

C. tetani

tetanus

from soil, rusty nails

inhibits relaxation pathways

produce neurotoxin-->enters neurons--> moves around in CNS and causes static paralysis

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9

C. botulinum

botulism

produce toxin that blocks acetycholine

caused flaccid paralysis

can cosmetically erase wrinkles

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10

C. perfringens

gas gangrene

gets in wounds and causes necrosis in tissue

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11

C. difficile

severe colitis and diarahhea

often after the normal gut microbiota

eradicated by antibiotics

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12

Firmicutes (non-endospore forming)

gram positive

grow at low temperatures

lactic acid bacteria like lactococcus and lactobacillus

ferment milk to make yogurt and cheese

Listeria species

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13

Listeria spp

intracellular pathogens causing diseases affecting GI tract and nervous system

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14

Congenital Listeria Monocytogenes

results in premature delivery, miscarriage, or stillbirth

can cross placenta

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15

Gram positive cocci of Firmicutes (Non-endospore formers)

enterococcus

streptococcus (chains)

staphylococcus (Grape-like clusters--S. aureus)

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16

Streptococcus

spherical cells in chains

gram positive

produce enzymes that damage tissue

aerotolerant, fermentat sugar, lack ETC

found in oral cavity, skin, intestines

demineralize--> cause tooth decay

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17

Two groups of Streptococci

S. pyogenes

S. mutans (viridans)

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18

S. pyogenes

strep throat

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S. mutans

dental caries

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20

Beta hemolysis on blood agar

complete hemolysis

zone of clearing (no green color)

S. pyogenes

S. agalactiae

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21

S. algalactiae

neonatal sepsis and meningitis

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22

Alpha hemolysis on blood agar

partial hemolysis (green)

s. pneumoniae

S. mutans

greenish zone of clearing

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23

Enterococcus

gram positive

genus of fecal origin, can be pathogenic

found in intestinal tract; hospital contaminants

E. faecalis and E. faecium

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E. faecalis and E. faecium

infect surgical wounds and the urinary tract through catheters

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25

VRE

vancomycin resistant enterococcus

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26

Staphylococcus

grape-like clusters of cocci

facultative anaerobe

tolerate drying and high salt conc

-high osmotic pressure, so can survive in high salt environments

-found in nasal secretions

common commensals and parasites of humans and animals that occasionally cause serious infections

S. epidermis and S. aureus

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27

S. aureus

causes wound infections

antibiotic resistant

produces enterotoxin

MRSA, skin skalded syndrome

can cause food poisoning

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S.epidermis

lives on skin and mucous membranes; endocarditis, bacteremia, UTI

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29

Mycoplasma

bacteria lacking a cell wall

parasitize multicellular organisms

pleomorphic

maybe the smallest-self replicating organisms capable of a free-living organisms

live within animal and plant hosts

small genomes

M. pneuominae

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30

Low guanine and cytosine

Firmicutes

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31

High guanine and cytosine

Actinobacteria

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32

Actinobacteria

high G+C gram positive bacteria

distinctive feature: presence of several different peptidoglycan in cell wall

A. israelli, S. coelicolor

highly pleomorphic, some branching filaments (branching bacteria)

common inhabitant in soil

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33

Actinomyces israelii

forms branched mycelial filaments

endocarditis-inflammation of the inner lining of heart

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34

Streptomyces

most important genus of antibiotic producers

reproductive asexual spores formed at the ends of aerial filaments

-if each spore lands on a suitable substrate, can germinate into a new colony

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35

Streptomyces coelicolor

forms branched mycelial filaments

produces many antibiotics

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36

Actinomycetes

form mycelia with branching filaments

important in soil ecology and some species are human pathogens

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37

Frankia

nitrogen fixing bacteria

form symbiotic relationship with alder trees to do nitrogen fixation

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38

Nocardia

Form fragmenting filaments; acid-fast

N. asteroides causes pulmonary infections

resembles mycobacteria

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39

Actinobacteria (that are not actinomycetes)

-cell walls contain mycolic acid and cells stain acid-fast

-dont form mycelia

-pathogens and symbionts

--> Gardnerella vaginalis, Corynebacterium diptheriae, proprionibacterium freudreichii, Cutibacterium

-bacilli and cocci

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40

Gardnerella vaginalis

bacterial vaginosis

plemorphic, gram variable, doesn't stain well

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41

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Diphtheria toxin

diagnostic

white/grayish membrane forms in throat and blocks air to reach lungs

prevented using DTaP vaccination

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42

Cutibacterium acnes

Gram-positive bacilli/rods

found on skin

acne

producing propanoic acid

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43

Key genus of Actinobacteria

Mycobacterium

common in soils and and most are harmless

contains several human pathogens

-Acid fast (AFB), mycelia acids

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium leprae

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44

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

causes tuberculosis

use skin test for exposure

vaccine not prevalent in U.S since it interferes with skin test

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45

Deinoccocus radiodurans

high G +C, gram positive bacteria

more resistant to radiation than endospores

unique arrangement of DNA that facilitates rapid repair of radiation damage

red/pink color due to carotenoids

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46

Theramus aquaticus

found in hot springs in Yellowstone national park

source of Taq polymerase

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47

Taq polymerase

thermotolerant enzyme used in polymerase chain reaction (PTC)

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