Module 7

The stereotypical way of performing actions =

Accessing schemas

The specificity of a schema depends on what?

How often the behaviour is practiced - Routine-ness

action knowledge is stored _______

hierarchically

The basic shema is TEA, what is the superordinate schema?

beverage

The basic shema is TEA, what is the subordinate schema?

oolong tea

Action schemas are usually described at what level?

basic

Basic action schemas are used to direct actions at a lower _______

subordinate level

Basic level action schemas are ________________, allowing for generalisations and learning

context independent

If an action is context-independent, what does this mean?

That the schema allows for generalisations and learning

Every day actions requiring WORKING MEMORY require what?

extra cognitive resources/demand

Where are the more specific schemas accessed?

stored memory

Working memory is accessed when performing every day tasks when -

Less routine schemas are required

What are bottom-up factors for performing every day tasks?

Objects in the environment activate stored routines for actions

Getting in the car activates schemas to drive to daycare, this is an example of what?

Bottom-up factors

Some research suggests: Visual stimuli directly ____________ action sequences without using ___________

activates; semantics

In the event an action requires multiple sequential actions, what factors likely help 'CHOOSE' which action to perform first?

Bottom-up factors

Executive processes are used to perform tasks when?

The task is non-routine

EXAMPLE: I add two sugars to my mums tea instead of none. What cognitive process allows for this introduction of new behaviour?

Executive processes

What are the predominant four cognitive processes for planning and executing everyday actions?

-stored memory representations
-working memory
-bottom-up factors
-executive processes

T/F: Routine actions require high amounts of working memory

False

T/F: The inhibition of a response that is appropriate in one situation, but not in a novel situation is an example of using stored memory representations

False

T/F: Stored memory representations and working memory are top-down

True

T/F: Stored representations for actions are hierarchical in nature

True

T/F: When basic level actions are computed on the fly, working memory resources are involved?

True

T/F: Motor areas of the brain are activated when viewing pictures of both tools and animals

False

T/F: The stereotypical way in which we do a task is called a schema

True

T/F: Action sequences are typically described at the superordinate level

False

T/F: The functional independence measure can clearly delineate between cognitive and motor factors impacting the execution of daily activities

False

T/F: The MOT is an extension of the FIM

False

T/F: The multi-level action tests allow the researcher to score actions in terms of omission, sequence substitution and spatial errors

True

T/F: The NAT is used to screen for naturalistic action impairment and is standardised

True

FIM stands for what?

Functional independence measure

MOT stands for what?

Multiple-Objects test

MLAT stands for what?

Multi-level action test

NAT stands for what?

Naturalistic Action test

How is th FIM assessed?

using a 7 point likert scale from completely dependent on others to completely independent

In the FIM, patients are rated on _________ items

18

Of the 18 items rated on the FIM, 13 assess what?

13 motor items = self care and locomotion

Of the 18 items rated in the FIM, 5 assess what?

5 cognitive items = communication and cognition

What does the FIM fail to differentiate?

Between motor vs cognitive causes of impairments to complete day to day living

What does the MOT assess?

planning and execution of everyday actions

MOT is typically used in _________ settings

research

Who created the MLAT

Schwartz and colleagues

What is the function of the MLAT

an extension of MOT for naturalistic tasks

What is an example of a naturalistic task?

Making toast with butter and peanut butter

Tasks done in isolation or in pairs at one at a time without distractors will utilise what test?

MLAT

What errors may be identified in a MLAT?

-omission errors
-sequence errors
-substitution errors
-addition errors
-spatial errors

The design of the NAT means it can be used where?

Clinical and research settings

What does the NAT do?

Screen patients for naturalistic action impairment and rate the severity of problems

What test is shorter, MOT, NAT or MLAT?

NAT

How is the NAT scored?

Items vary in difficulty and are scored according to number of steps

What is APRAXIA?

Apraxia is a higher-order disorder of skilled movement not due to sensory or motor deficits, weakness, abnormal tone or posture, movement disorders, poor comprehension or uncooperativeness

T/F: Apraxia is a disorder of lower order movement and motor deficits

False

A patient with apraxia will suffer the loss of -

ability to perform well learned, purposeful movements

What are the primary causes of apraxia?

-stroke
-Alzheimers
-cortocobasal degredation

Voluntary-automatic dissociation =

apraxia patients may spontaneously perform gestures that that cannot perform on command

Patient are successful/unsuccessful at executing a movement based on whether they are in a natural or clinical setting =

Context dependence

What are the two main sub-types of apraxia?

-Ideomotor
-Ideational

Disturbance in the conceptual organisation of actions =

Ideational apraxia

A patient who uses objects inappropriately or fails gesture discrimination and matching tasks may be diagnoses with -

Ideational apraxia

PATIENT CASE: Patient A eats with a toothbrush and cleans his teeth with a spoon. He can name 'toothbrush' and 'spoon' but fails to match the object with something else they would use with it. This patient has what?

Ideational apraxia

ideomotor apraxia

Disorder of sensorimotor action programs that help generate and control motor activity

A disorder impacting timing, sequencing and spatial organization of gestures and movements

ideomotor apraxia

What is the main distinction between ideomotor apraxia and ideational apraxia?

Unlike ideational apraxia, ideomotor apraxia patients are still able to conceptualise how objects should be use and the serial order of use

CASE STUDY: Patient B knows what his toothbrush is, and knows what his toothbrush is for, however, has difficulty putting the toothbrush in his mouth. This patient may be diagnosed with what?

ideomotor apraxia

Assessment of ideational vs ideomotor apraxia involves what?

Gesture tasks

Conduction apraxia -

describes a patient who is better at actioning gestures for verbal commands compared to imitating gestures being made

Visio-imatative -

is an extreme form of conduction apraxia where the person shows normal gesturing on command but has a selective inability to imitate gestures

constructional apraxia -

Is an impairment in the combinatory or organising activity in which details and relationships among the component parts of an entity must be clearly perceived

Oral apraxia -

An impairment in performing skilled movements with the lips, cheeks and tongue

Mirror apraxia -

A deficit in reaching towards objects presented in a mirror

Visuomotor apraxia -

disruptions to actions calling upon underlying visual support

Verbal apraxia -

disruption to word articulation

Roy and Square (1985) proposes how many systems in apraxia?

Two

What is the first component the Roy and Square (1985) model for apraxia?

Conceptual system

According to the Roy and Square (1985) model, what is the conceptual system?

the abstract representation of actions

According to the Roy and Square (1985) model, what is the production system?

Incorporates sensorimotor representation of the action and mechanisms for movement control

The knowledge of object function, knowledge of action and knowledge of serial order is held where according to Roy and Square (1985)?

The conceptual system

Attention to key points, action programming and mechanisms for movement control are stored where according to Roy and Square (1985)?

The production system

According to Roy and Square, ideational apraxia results from a dysfunction to what?

The conceptual system

PATIENT GW: 61y female has damaged bilateral parietal lobes. Critically, she can comprehend and discriminate between gestures with objects but cannot perform the tasks corresponding to those objects. What is her diagnosis?

ideational apraxia?

How is the Roy and Square model limited?

It cannot predict modality specific dissociations

Cubelli et al (2000) model incorperates _________and ____________ for meaningful and meaningless gestures

semantic; non-semantic

specific __________ allow for a more nuanced understanding of ________

modules; apraxia

The Cubelli et al (2000) model uses three routes of stimuli, these are?

-name (verbal)
-object (visual)
-gesture (visual)

In the Cubelli et al (2000) model, how is the verbal stimuli (names) processed?

Phonological analysis

In the Cubelli et al (2000) model, phonological analysis outputs into the -

phonological input lexicon

In the Cubelli et al (2000) model, the phonological input lexicon outputs into the -

Action semantic system

In the Cubelli et al (2000) model, the action semantic system outputs into the -

action output lexicon

In the Cubelli et al (2000) model, the action output lexicon outputs into the -

gestural buffer

In the Cubelli et al (2000) model, the gestural buffer outputs into -

motor response

In the Cubelli et al (2000) model, the visual analysis of OBJECTS is processed via -

visual analysis

In the Cubelli et al (2000) model, the visual analysis of GESTURES is processed via -

visual analysis

In the Cubelli et al (2000) model, the visual analysis of OBJECTS is outputted into the -

structural description system

In the Cubelli et al (2000) model, the visual analysis of GESTURES is outputted into the-

action input lexicon

In the Cubelli et al (2000) model, OBJECT information is outputted from the structural description system into the -

action semantic system

The non-semantic route for visual stimuli GESTURES is what?

inputted into the visa-motor conversion mechanism

In the Cubelli et al (2000) model, the visual analysis of SEMANTIC GESTURES is outputted into the -

action input lexicon

In the Cubelli et al (2000) model, GESTURE information is outputted from the action input lexicon into the -

action semantic system

Once verbal and visual information is processed in the action semantic system, it is outputted into -

the action OUTPUT lexicon