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Physics

The study of the interaction of matter, force, and energy.

Classical Physics

The branch of physics that deals with laws and phenomena that can be observed at everyday scales.

Modern Physics

The branch of physics that deals with phenomena at atomic and subatomic levels, including relativity and quantum mechanics.

Mechanics

A subfield of classical physics that focuses on motion, force, work, energy, and fluids.

Heat and Thermodynamics

The study of heat effects on systems when heat is added or removed.

Optics

The study of light and its properties.

Electricity and Magnetism

The study of electrical charges, magnetism, and their interrelationship.

Wave Motion and Sound

The study of properties, transmission, and perception of waves.

Special Relativity

The study of phenomena when objects move at speeds close to the speed of light.

General Relativity

The theory explaining how matter curves space-time and affects the trajectory of matter and light.

Nuclear Physics

The study of properties and reactions within the atomic nucleus.

Particle Physics

The study of elementary particles, the building blocks of matter.

Quantum Mechanics

The study of matter and energy behavior at atomic and subatomic levels.

Measurement

The process of comparing a quantity with a standard.

Metric System

A system of measurement with variations including mks and cgs systems.

MKS System

A metric system using meter, kilogram, and second as units.

CGS System

A metric system using centimeter, gram, and second as units.

International System of Units

The modern form of the metric system legally enforced worldwide.

Fundamental Quantities

Basic quantities that are independent, such as length, mass, and time.

Derived Quantities

Quantities that are combinations of fundamental quantities.

Scientific Notation

A method for expressing large and small numbers in the form Nx10^n.

Independent Variable

The variable changed by the experimenter.

Dependent Variable

The variable affected by changes in the independent variable.

Accuracy

The closeness of a measured value to the true value.

Precision

The consistency of repeated measurements of the same quantity.

Error

The deviation of a measured value from the expected value.

Random Errors

Unpredictable errors affecting measurement precision, reduced by averaging multiple trials.

Systematic Errors

Errors originating from measuring instruments or experimental design.

Percent Error

A calculation of the difference between observed and expected values.

Percent Difference

A measure of how far apart different measured values are from each other.

Variance

A measure of how much values in a data set differ from the mean.

Standard Deviation

A measure of the spread of a set of measurements from their average.

Uncertainty

The range of values within which a measurement is asserted to lie.

Absolute Uncertainty

Uncertainty expressed in the same unit as the measured quantity.

Relative Uncertainty

A dimensionless measure of uncertainty, expressed as a percentage.

Scalar Quantities

Quantities described by magnitude alone.

Vector Quantities

Quantities described by both magnitude and direction.

Resultant

The sum of two or more vector quantities.

Commutative Property

The property that states the order of addition does not affect the sum.

Associative Property

The property that states how quantities are grouped does not affect the sum.

Graphical Method

A method of vector addition using diagrams.

Analytical Method

A method of vector addition using mathematical calculations.