sehs paper 3 options c + d

What is hypokinetic disease?

Any disease or illness associated with physical inactivity.

What is the difference between sport and physical activity?

Sport is an organized activity involving physical exertion and skill, while physical activity is any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscle contraction that significantly increases energy expenditure.

What is exercise?

A subcategory of physical activity that involves planned, structured, and repetitive bodily movements performed to improve or maintain fitness components.

What are the health-related components of physical fitness?

Body composition, cardio-respiratory fitness, muscular endurance, flexibility, and strength.

What are the skill-related components of physical fitness?

Agility, balance, coordination, power, reaction time, and speed.

What is coronary heart disease (CHD)?

A condition that occurs when arteries cannot deliver enough oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle due to narrowing from fatty deposits and cholesterol.

What is the leading cause of death worldwide?

Coronary heart disease, accounting for 15% of all deaths.

What is a stroke?

A medical emergency that occurs when the blood supply to the brain is cut off or reduced, leading to brain damage.

What are the two types of strokes?

Ischemic stroke (due to reduced blood supply) and hemorrhagic stroke (due to bleeding in the brain).

What is hypertension?

High blood pressure in arterial walls that strains the heart and can lead to stroke or heart attack.

What is obesity?

Excess body fat to the point of health endangerment, often caused by poor diet and physical inactivity.

What are some health risks associated with obesity?

Diabetes, stroke, heart attack, and certain cancers.

What is osteoporosis?

A condition characterized by the softening of bones, making them easier to break, often due to lack of weight-bearing activity.

Who is most at risk for osteoporosis?

Menopausal women due to hormonal changes.

What is diabetes?

A lifelong disease that affects how the body handles glucose.

What are some complications of diabetes?

Blindness and limb amputation due to damage to small blood vessels.

How is physical inactivity linked to hypokinetic diseases?

Inactivity increases the risk of developing diseases associated with lack of physical activity.

What societal shifts have accelerated the prevalence of hypokinetic diseases?

Increased consumption of processed foods, sedentary lifestyles, and more efficient transportation.

What is atherosclerosis?

The buildup of fats and cholesterol in artery walls that obstructs blood flow.

What can happen if atherosclerosis is left untreated?

It can lead to acute occlusion of arteries via clot formation.

What role does exercise play in cardiovascular health?

Exercise helps manage and prevent conditions like atherosclerosis and improves overall heart health.

What is the impact of processed foods on health?

Processed foods contribute to obesity and related health issues.

What is the estimated percentage of obesity in the adult population of the USA?

Approximately 25%.

What are the major risk factors for cardiovascular disease?

Age, cigarette smoking, gender, high blood pressure, low HDL-cholesterol, ethnicity, diabetes, family history, obesity, and physical inactivity.

What is the concept of risk factors in cardiovascular disease?

Risk factors are characteristics or conditions that increase susceptibility to cardiovascular disease.

How does a sedentary lifestyle increase the risk of cardiovascular disease?

A sedentary lifestyle contributes to obesity, hypotension, low HDL-cholesterol, and type 2 diabetes, all of which are risk factors for cardiovascular disease.

What is the definition of obesity?

Obesity is an excess of body fat, determined by indirect measurements such as BMI and waist girth.

What are the limitations of BMI in assessing obesity?

BMI has gender and ethnicity-specific limitations and does not consider body composition.

What are some sophisticated methods for measuring body fat?

Computed tomography (CT), MRI, and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) are better methods for measuring body fat.

What health consequences are associated with obesity?

Atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, hypotension, type I diabetes, joint problems, osteoporosis, respiratory problems, and increased cancer risk.

What is the role of leptin in regulating body fat?

Leptin, produced by adipose cells, suppresses appetite and regulates fat stores in the body.

How does leptin resistance develop?

Leptin resistance can develop with age, leading to a decreased likelihood of feeling hungry and an increased risk of overeating.

What is ghrelin and its function?

Ghrelin is a hormone produced by the stomach that stimulates appetite, increases food intake, and promotes fat storage.

What is the relationship between energy intake and weight gain?

Weight gain occurs when energy intake exceeds energy expenditure.

What determines basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

BMR is determined by the amount of energy required to keep the body functioning at rest.

What is the effect of increased energy intake on body weight?

Increased energy intake leads to larger body size and potential weight gain.

What happens to leptin levels during periods of starvation?

During starvation, adipose tissue decreases, leading to lower leptin levels and increased hunger.

What are the effects of high sugar diets linked to obesity?

High sugar diets can lead to obesity and associated health issues such as type II diabetes.

What is the impact of obesity on insulin levels?

Obesity can lead to long-lasting elevated insulin levels, increasing the risk of various health issues.

How does obesity affect bone health?

Excess weight can overload joints and lead to conditions like osteoporosis, making bones weak and brittle.

What is the significance of waist circumference in assessing obesity?

Waist circumference is used to define abdominal obesity and assess disease risk.

What is the relationship between obesity and cancer risk?

Cancer risk increases with excess weight and the duration of being overweight.

What are the challenges of using leptin injections for obesity treatment?

Leptin injections have been largely ineffective for significant weight loss and can cause adverse side effects.

What is the relationship between energy expenditure and physical activity?

Energy expenditure is influenced by physical activity levels, which can affect weight management.

How do hormones regulate hunger and satiety?

Hormones like leptin and ghrelin interact to regulate hunger and satiety responses in the body.

What is Type 1 diabetes characterized by?

An autoimmune disease where sufferers do not produce insulin, affecting 5-10% of diabetes cases.

What are the main characteristics of Type 2 diabetes?

Type 2 diabetes is preventable, often hereditary, and characterized by insulin resistance, affecting 90-95% of diabetes cases.

What are common treatments for Type 1 diabetes?

Treatment typically involves insulin medication.

What are common treatments for Type 2 diabetes?

Management includes diet, exercise, and sometimes oral medications.

What is a significant risk factor for developing Type 2 diabetes?

Obesity, as 90% of people with Type 2 diabetes are overweight.

How does physical inactivity affect the risk of Type 2 diabetes?

It decreases insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance, increasing the likelihood of developing diabetes.

What dietary factors can influence the risk of Type 2 diabetes?

A high-fat diet can lead to toxic fatty breakdown products that block insulin signaling.

What are some consequences of diabetes on vision?

Diabetes can lead to diabetic retinopathy, causing blindness due to damage to blood vessels in the retina.

How can diabetes affect kidney function?

It can damage blood vessels in the kidneys, preventing them from functioning properly.

What is diabetic neuropathy?

Nerve damage caused by diabetes, which can lead to loss of blood supply to nerves, especially in extremities.

What cardiovascular risks are associated with diabetes?

Increased blood sugar can damage capillaries, potentially leading to myocardial infarction if coronary arteries are affected.

What role do osteoclasts and osteoblasts play in bone health?

Osteoclasts break down older bone tissue, while osteoblasts lay down new bone tissue.

What factors primarily determine bone mineral density (BMD)?

Bone mineral density is primarily determined by peak bone mass and physical activity.

At what age does peak bone mass typically occur in females?

Peak bone mass usually occurs between 35-45 years old.

What happens to bone density after reaching peak bone mass?

Bone density decreases as osteoblasts do not replace as much bone tissue as osteoclasts absorb.

What are common fracture sites associated with osteoporosis?

Common fracture sites include wrists, vertebrae, and hips.

What is a significant consequence of hip fractures in the elderly?

20% of elderly individuals die within one year of a hip fracture.

What are some risk factors for osteoporosis?

Physical inactivity, weight-conscious athletes, and overtraining can lead to decreased bone density.

How does menopause affect bone health in women?

Menopause leads to a drop in estrogen levels, affecting bone regeneration and increasing bone loss.

What impact does physical activity have on bone health?

Weight-bearing activities are essential for maintaining and enhancing bone health.

What can prolonged hospitalization due to fractures lead to?

It can result in loss of bone mass and complications such as pneumonia.

How does age affect the risk of fractures?

The frequency and severity of fractures increase with age.

What percentage of the body's total calcium is contained in the skeleton?

99%.

What happens when there is a lack of dietary calcium?

The body draws on calcium reserves, leading to loss of calcium mass and concentration, which can weaken bones and cause osteoporosis.

What is an exercise prescription?

A specific plan of fitness-related activities designed for a specified purpose, developed by a fitness or rehabilitation specialist for a client.

What are the age guidelines for physical activity for children aged 5-17 years?

At least 60 minutes of moderate physical activity daily, with vigorous intensity activities incorporated.

What is the minimum recommended physical activity for adults aged 18-64 years?

150 minutes of moderate intensity aerobic activity per week or 75 minutes of vigorous intensity, in bouts of at least 10 minutes. Muscle strengthening activities should be done at least twice weekly.

What should older adults with poor mobility focus on in terms of physical activity?

Activities to improve balance and prevent falls at least 3 times a week.

What are some barriers to exercise?

Uncontrolled disease states, exercise hazards, musculoskeletal injuries, heart attacks, and respiratory infections.

What are the psychological effects of exercise on mood?

Exercise can improve mood, increase feelings of control, and enhance self-esteem and social interactions.

How does exercise affect anxiety?

Acute effects of exercise can reduce state anxiety, while chronic effects can help alleviate trait anxiety.

What is the relationship between exercise and clinical depression?

There is a significant correlation; exercise can play a role in alleviating depression.

What are some characteristics of an effective exercise program for psychological well-being?

Enjoyable, aerobic/rhythmic, absence of competition, moderate intensity, and predictable environment.

What role does serotonin play in exercise?

Exercise can increase serotonin levels, which helps reduce stress.

What strategies can improve exercise adherence?

Personal factors, environmental approaches, demographic variables, cognitive variables, and social support.

What are some cognitive variables that affect exercise adherence?

Past behaviors, perceived choice, and reinforcement approaches.

How can social support influence exercise participation?

Encouragement from peers and social networks can motivate continuation of exercise.

What is the effect of exercise on cerebral blood flow?

Exercise increases cerebral blood flow, which can enhance cognitive function.

What are the benefits of incorporating muscle strengthening activities into a fitness regimen?

They help improve muscle mass and bone density.

What is the significance of setting achievable exercise goals?

Achievable goals can enhance feelings of accomplishment and improve exercise adherence.

What should older adults do if they cannot complete the recommended amounts of physical activity?

They should be as physically active as their abilities and health conditions allow.

What is the recommended duration of exercise for psychological benefits?

20-30 minutes per session.

What is the role of significant others in exercise routines?

Joining in and adjusting to the individual's exercise habits.

What is the effect of over-exercising?

It can lead to negative addiction, affecting life choices and relationships.

What are the symptoms of exercise addiction?

Stereotyped patterns with a regular schedule of exercise, increased priority of exercise, mood changes with withdrawal, and a lack of self-awareness regarding compulsion.

What are the two categories of diseases in public health?

Communicable diseases, caused by infectious agents and transmitted between people, and non-communicable diseases, which are not passed between people and usually have a long duration.

Give examples of communicable diseases.

Influenza and pneumonia.

Give examples of non-communicable diseases.

Cardiovascular diseases, skin cancer, diabetes, and some chronic respiratory diseases.

What does Population Attributable Risk (PAR) measure?

The percentage of public health burden caused by a specific risk factor, indicating the proportion of deaths or illnesses that would not occur if the risk factor was removed.

What is the PAR of lung cancer deaths associated with moderate smoking?

52% of lung cancer deaths would not occur if the population did not smoke.

What are the health benefits of moderate exercise?

Prevention of diseases, increased metabolic rates, improved aerobic capacity, reduced obesity risk, improved plasma lipid profiles, lower blood pressure, and reduced risk of skeletal injuries.

What psychological benefits can regular walking provide?

Increased self-esteem and social well-being.

What factors contribute to sudden cardiac death during exercise?

Underlying medical history, exercise intensity, habitual weekly exercise, and genetic disorders.

What is the difference between acute and chronic injuries?

Acute injuries occur suddenly due to a specific injury mechanism, while chronic injuries develop over several weeks, often caused by repetitive activity.

What are common examples of acute injuries?

Bone fractures and concussions.