soc225 ch4

Psychologists consider a variety of possibilities to account for _ differences.

Individual

Psychoanalytic theory attributes delinquent and criminal behaviour to three possible causes of criminality:

A conscience so overbearing that it arouses feelings of guilt. A conscience so weak that it cannot control the individual's impulses. The need for immediate gratification.

_ came up with psychoanalysis

freud

3 basic components of human psyche

id, ego, superego

Id

powerful urges and drive for gratification and satisfaction

Ego

governs rational behaviour; the moderator between the superego and the id.

Superego

threaten the person or impose a sense of guilt or psychic suffering and thus restrain the id.

In his patients freud noticed that those who were suffering from _ committed crimes so that they would be punished

guilt

Most psychologists view delinquency as _ unable to give up desires for instant _

children, pleasure

t/f in psychoanalysis crime is a symptom of psychic conflict

t

Kohlberg who pioneered moral development theory found moral reasoning develops in _ phases

First moral development level

preconventional level

preconventional level

moral values consist of dos and don'ts

Adolescents reason at _ level

conventional

Conventional level

individuals have adopted rules of society and uphold them

At postconventional level

ppl examine customs and rules according to their own sense of universal human rights

postconventional level seen in adults over _

20

Most criminals reason at _ level

preconventional

Attachment

bond between parent and child or others in environment

_ attachment: when a child is separated from or rejected by the mother; this affects the capacity to be affectionate and to develop intimate relationships.

Anxious

Monkey experiment Illustrates importance of early _ bonding

maternal

t/f Intergenerational trauma impacts attachment

t

Struggles with establishing healthy boundaries, May be loyal to undeserving others \= _ attachment

anxious

Distrusting of others, Push others away when they feel threatened \= _ attachment

avoidant

delinquent behaviour is learned through the same psychological processes as non-delinquent behaviour (e.g., through reinforcement).

Social learning theory

Bandura argued ppl learn violence through _ modeling

behaviour

Behaviour modeling: Learning how to behave by fashioning one's behaviour after that of others.

t/f violence is norm shared by some ppl in a community or gang

t

According to leron single best predictor of how aggressive a young many will be when he's 19 is the _ of TV programs he preferred when he was 8

violence

Learning by observation is determined by behaviour of _

others

Learning from direct experience is determined by what _ do and what happens to _

we, us

Physical assault, verbal threats and insults

aversive instigators

Rewards

incentive instigator

Violent behavior in others

modeling instigators

Observing ppl carrying out instructions to engage in violence or aggression

instructional instigators

Bizarre beliefs that violence is justified

delusional instigators

t/f psychopaths can differentiate between right and wrong but don't feel any emotions

t

Evidence suggests structural impairments in _

amygdala

Participants scoring high in psychopathy showed _ activity in amygdala

decreased

Akers and Burgess combined _ theory with _ association to produce differential reinforcement.

Learning, differential

Differential reinforcement: (1) the persistence of criminal behaviour depends on whether or not it is_ or _; (2) the person rewarding or punishing is _ in an individual's life.

rewarded or punished, important

_ \= personality test done on inmates that follow them for their lives; any important results go on their file

MMPI

t/f Inmates are more impulsive, hostile, self-centered, and immature than non-criminals

t

t/f Personality characteristics seem to be modest predictors of future criminality.

T

t/f Not a huge association between personality and criminality

t

t/f criminals share abnormal thinking patterns

t

t/f do criminals show similarity in deficient self control intolerance and lack of responsibility

t

Eysenck claims all human personality may be seen in 3 dimensions

psychoticism, extraversion and neuroticism

Score high in psychoticism are _, _, _

aggressive,egocentric, impulsive

High extraversion score

sensation seeking dominant and assertive

High neuroticism score

low self esteem, extreme anxiety and wide mood swings

Eysenck found that criminals typically have _ scores in all 3 sections

high

Second part of eysenck's theory was that humans develop conscious through _

conditioning

t/f extroverts harder to condition that introverts

t

t/f eysenck found that differences in conditionability are dependent on certain physl factors with most important being _ arousal

cortical

Cortical arousal aka

activation of cerebral cortex

Easily conditonable people have _ cortical arousal

high

t/f: Traditionally, mental illness was seen as an absolute condition or status: you either had a psychosis or you didn't.

t

Now, more psychiatrists conceptualize mental functioning as a process with mental illness and health being on the same _

continuum

t/f: Most researchers agree that the majority of criminals are not mentally ill.

T

_ : leaving the institution and to reintegrate individuals back into society

Deinstitutionalization

t/f Recently there's been increased \# of offenders with mental disorders in prison, these numbers continue to increase

t

_ used with ppl who have previously been admitted to a psychiatric facility

community treatment orders

t/f Psychopaths: one category of mentally disordered offenders who do recidivate.

T

Psychopathy, sociopathy or antisocial personality:

a personality characterized by the inability to learn from experience, lack of warmth and absence of guilt.

Robert Hare and his colleagues devised the 20-item checklist of personality traits and behaviours associated with _; People who score higher on the checklist tend to be more _ and _

psychopathy; aggressive and violent

psychopaths tend to search for more internal/external stimulation

external

Cleckley and hare thought psychopaths are _ liars

pathological

Cleckley thought Psychopaths appear to enjoy excellent mental health, but what we see is only a "mask of _."

sanity

Violent crime linkage system/ViCLAS:

centralized computer bank containing details of 400k+ cases involving serious and violent unsolved crimes in canada

Clifford Olson -

killed 11 young kids in BC

Bundy -

grandiose personality

Jeffrey dahmer

mainly targeted poor asian, african american and latino men

Psychosis

loss of contact with reality

t/f predisposition to be violent may be present at birth

t

Annals of internal med found a strong association between _ cholesterol levels and violence

low

Biocriminology

subdiscipline of criminology that investigates biological and genetic factors and their relation to criminal behaviour.

t/f depression can be inherited

t

Kids who's parents have depression are _x more likely to have it than kids who dont

4

Chromosomes

Basic cellular structures containing genes (i.e., biological material that creates individuality).

XYY males get _ chromosomes from dad

2

_ syndrome: initial studies found that these males were tall, physically aggressive and frequently violent, tend to show up in prison populations based on increased XYY chromosomes.

XYY

t/f xyy rare

t

Xyy Critics:

small populations to draw sample from

_ studies: compare identical vs. fraternal twins.

Twin

Christiansen and mednick found that there was _ chance of becoming criminal if identical twins but _ if fraternal

50%, 20%

_ studies: compare siblings raised by biological vs. adoptive parents.

Adoption

Adoptive and bio parents weren't criminals

13.5%

Crim adoptive, non crim bio

14.7

Non crim adoptive crim bio

20

Crim adoptive and bio

24.5

Adoption studies find

there's a slight support to genetic component but not so significant that we can definitely say there's a genetic link to crime

Binet developed the IQ test which was designed to measure the capacity of individual children to perform tasks or solve problems in relation to the average capacity of theirm _.

Peers

Investigators have found a strong correlation between _ IQ and delinquency.

Low

t/f IQ tests can be biased culturally and for the time period

t

Dangerous public policy implications when policies are used to target deficiencies for IQ like

Eugenics, forced sterilization

Phenylethylamine found in

chocolate

Tyramine found in

aged cheese and wine

Monosodium glutamate found as

flavour enhancer

Aspartame

artificial sweeteners