ins3003 exam 1

civil war

a war between citizens of the same country

Cold War

a state of political hostility between countries characterized by threats, propaganda, and other measures short of open warfare, in particular

proxy war

a war instigated by a major power that does not itself participate

non-member observer state

have the right to speak at the United Nation General Assembly meetings, but not to vote on resolutions

non-state entity

organizations with sufficient power to influence and cause change even though they do not belong to any established institution of a state

nation-state

a sovereign state whose citizens or subjects are relatively homogeneous in factors such as language or common descent

unitary actor

state’s moral imperative is protecting its interests

founder of classical realism

hans morgenthau (politics among nations in 1948)

pursuit of power

realpolitik

founder of neo-realism or structural realism

kenneth waltz

structural realism assumptions

1. staters are rational unitary actors
2. states seek security
3. anarchy

structural realism balance of power

temporary alliances

bandwagoning (small/weak joining big/strong)

balancing (small powers joining together)

balance of power definition

gobal configuration that creates peace

uni-polarity

one hegemon is so powerful that no one else tries on major power, realists don't like this, world right now (US)

bi-polartity

two hegemons, balance of power if two powers offset each other with rational decision making, structural realists prefer because most stable (cold war), world moving towards this (China’s rise)

multi-polarity

multiple hegemons, most realists don’t like because there’s too much room for shifting and miscalculation (unstable), not balanced, no waay to enforce cooperation, world may be moving towards this (Brazil and India)

relative gains

one gains, one doesn’t, realists prefer

absolute gains

non-zero sum, all gain, some more than others, nobody ends up with zero share, provide something, cooperation, liberalism

prisoner's dilemma

a particular "game" between two captured prisoners that illustrates why cooperation is difficult to maintain even when it is mutually beneficial, high stakes

realists point of view (game theory)

the prisoner's won't talk to one another, both don’t cooperate and end with worst outcome, represents the lack of trust

what our theories are looking at

understanding the international system, how we relate to one another, what went wrong in Europe, how we achieve peace

two dominate theories of international relations (impacted shape of the world today)

realism and liberalism

realism

first to develop as a formalized theory, post world wars, often looks at power/the acquisition of power, survival of the state, state is the primary actor/driving force/player

state

the largest actor in the international system, an independent and legitimate entity defined by its territorial border with sovereign power to conduct its own affairs

sovereignty

a situation where the state posses "legal autonomy" and can determine policy within its borders by its own authority; it does not fall under the authority of any other power, enjoy membership in the international political community

Historical/Intellectual Realists

Thucydides, Niccolo Machiavelli (sneaky) Thomas Hobbes (aggressive, evil), Carl con Clausewitz (military serves state)

Woodrow Wilson

president during WWI, pioneered League of Nations

Woodrow Wilson was architect of

idealism

Realists believed ______ point of view was naive. Why?

idealism; didn't believe the League of Nations could succeed due to poor leadership, flawed/broken political systems and poorly organized states

realists believe that competition and war were

natural/nature to humans

Classical Realism

leaders of states were individuals driven for power, leader and the state went hand and hand (aggressive leader = aggressive state), only way to avoid war is constantly preparing for war so you never appear vulnerable

self help (Kenneth Waltz)

states responsible for guaranteeing their own security but doing this can make them a threat (Germany trying to gain respect in Europe after WWI shameful loss)

shifts in realism

take focus off of exertion of power, new focus on security (less aggressive)

assumptions of realism

1. states are rational unitary actors (state’s moral imperative is protecting its interests)
2. all states seek security (survival is their number one goal, power is the means to an end)
3. we live under anarchy (supremacy of the state, there is no power that can force the states to behave, we can’t trust each other and have to rely on ourselves)

realist goal

think forward and see how we can prevent war

to achieve peace we need to have a \_______ world?

balanced

example of bad alliance

band wagoning (small/weak states joining big/strong power)

for realists, alliances need to be

short term

things that upset the balance

miscalculation, new power can be created (Germany), system can fall out of power (Soviet Union), new technologies (nuclear weapons)

realists minded state

doesn't rely on UN or US, will act with or without us, will act no matter what, lives in a self-help situation, rational unitary actor, survival is number one goal

what led to WWI

Unification of Germany (1871) (before a confederation of 39 smaller states) Europe was multi-polar, structure of the system (Germany strong = security dilemma for its neighbor states)

Central Powers Europe 1914

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Turkey

Triple Entity Europe 1914

Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy

why WWI began

power transition (one power is surpassing an existing power) rising power is out to prove it is strong and has a right to be there, declining power may be the one to initiate conflict to hold on to status, Germany hit it's apex of power, Germans causing war so Russia couldn't hit a certain level of development

WWI changed European map

4 empires fell, victorious powers experience a pyrrhic victory (lost so much wasn’t really a victory), fragile, US left Europe, League of Nations created

European empires that fell following WWI

Germany, Russia, Austrian/Hungary, Ottoman

why Europe was fragile after WWI

center was weak, no balance of power

Mearsheimer’s viewpoint

we live in anarchy, great powers will possess offensive military capability, states can never be certain about other states intentions, survival is #1 goal, states are rational actors

why we had the Cold War right after WWII

tensions rising between USSR and Western democracies before WWII was even over, 2 hegemons in the same region (US and USSR)

realists perspective on why we had Cold War

structure of the system (2 hegemoenons in same system)

what the Cold War led to

bipolarity, word dividing, equilibrium, and the US and USSR were both nuclear powers

realists would say when we establish balance of power, our chances of war

decline

Suez Canal Crisis

Egypt had been receiving aid from the Soviets leading Eisenhower to promise money to Egypt to curtail the Soviets, Egypt attempted to nationalize the canal, Britain, France, and Israel invaded to gain control of the canal, fearing escalation, Eisenhower forced France, Britain, and Israel to withdraw

Cuban Missile Crisis

communist Cuba = opportunity for Russia, arms placed here. compromise wasn’t an option for US arms must be removed

Cold War deterrence

weighing the risks (only engaging in war they can win), conventional vs. nuclear weapons (easier to tell who has an advantage with nuclear weapons), being prepared for war deters other countries from attacking you

commonly seen during the Cold War

territorial land grabs

nuclear deterrence has changed the way of doing things and allowed the Cold War to

come to an end peacefully

ending the Cold War

wasn’t dangerous because Russia remained a nuclear power, Russia came out with influence, allies, and strong economy, China and Russia became enemies, Cuban Missile Crisis was humiliating for USSR, war in Afghanistan long and deadly, USSR couldn’t keep up with US (technology, lack of food, funding satellite states), leaders began communicating

Mikhail Gorbachev (Russian president after cold war)

communist, good guy, tried to bring about reform (move away from such a communist system)

Malta Conference 1989

meeting where our leaders negotiated the end of the cold war

realists standpoint on the end of the cold war

the cold war came to an end because the Soviets couldn’t keep up

liberals standpoint on end of the cold war

had to do with communication and cooperation (we talked more with the Soviet's) when you know the entity better, you might change your mind (willingness to engage with one another)

will we miss the Cold War (Mearsheimer)

yes, the polarity factor brought us stability, predicted that NATO will no longer exist, made the argument that we are moving towards less stable times, says we need to watch out for China

international organizations (IOs)

cooperation is continuing through these (realists - for now (state’s interest come first, don’t have power to prevent conflict/protect states), liberals - cooperation increasing)

intergovernmental organizations (IGOs), non-governmental organizations (NGOs) multinational organizations (MNCs)

realists review

the state is a primary actor, conflict is common, relationships between states are distrustful, long-term peace and cooperation can be difficult, survival is number one goal for the state, states are rational unitary actors, there should be a balance of power, maintain peace by being strong

what realism doesn't explain

1920s peaceful power transition between the US and the UK, realist argument that multi-polarity is unstable, should be peaceful because of nuclear deterrence, since the cold war, the world has been connected through organizations (increased cooperation)

realists believe cooperation is

temporary, something will happen to divide us

realists believe in diplomacy but don’t agree it is a

guarantee of peace, "speak softly but carry a big stick".

liberals

look at history as progress towards cooperation, we're steadily working towards it and getting better at it

Treaty of Westphalia

1648, came at end of the 30 years of war, war destroyed Europe, agreement to respect each others sovereignty

Concert of Europe

1815, just between European major powers, agreement to start communicating with one another and settle their problems by talking instead of taking them to the battlefield

famous historical liberals

Hugo Grotius, John Locke, Adam Smith, David Ricardo, Immanuel Kant, Woodrow Wilson

Hugo Grotius

thought of creating international law

John Locke

counter to Hobbes (selfish nature of states) focused on building civil society, government should be limited and serve the people, all individuals have natural rights, humans have ability to reason

Adam Smith

birth of capitalism and free market system, economic competition, work together to all benefit

David Ricardo

comparative advantage economic engagement, maximizing world's resources through trade

Immanuel Kant

proponent of democracy, value of democracy is peace

classical liberalism

product of the enlightenment (political revolution of rights, changing role of people as citizens, capitalism), impacted creation of US

classical liberalism is the precursor of

neoliberalism

liberals and realists agree

we live under anarchy, ideology (democracy, communism, etc.) is not the driving force of IR, states have state-specific interests, states use power to achieve those interests

liberal argue that

the world has changed, realist model outdated, democracy is spreading, we are becoming more peaceful, wars are scaling down, we live in the nuclear age, deterrence makes us less prone to war, we don't see military threats being used anymore, increasing interconnection, linking interests through IOs and agreements, US trades with powers all over the world

liberalism became a _______ theory after the world wars

dominant

neo-liberalism assumptions

states aren’t the only powerful actors, collective security (now world wars since working together), cooperation under anarchy, reciprocity (states can be reliable), interdependence (deeper connection=long term cooperation), collective goods (can only be achieved through working together (clean water)), absolute/non-zero sum gains

prisoners dilemma according to the liberals

they both don’t confess receiving best outcome, players interact and communicate often, repetitive, regular contact, cooperation, mutual interests

ways to increase the costs of defection

reputation costs and monitoring

complex interdependence cons

the deeper our connection, the more there is to lose when/if it falls apart (Great Depression)

Why are the ties between US and China pretty deep?

we need each other, we have linked interests, we are are more likely to see it in our best interest to cooperate with China

international organizations liberal perspective

effective and play a key role in our world, moving towards global government, opportunity to build relationships (cooperation)

international organizations realist perspective

serve the purpose of the state and it's interest, ineffective if the state doesn't support them, you can't force anyone to stay in them, they don't have enforcement capabilities

critique of liberalism

ethnocentrism (we believe our culture is the best culture) and one size fits all model (what works for some doesn’t work for all)

Thucydides’ Trap

rising power feels entitlement and demands influence and respect while established power becomes fearful, insecure, and defensive creating irrational actions

League of Nations failure

Japan in P5 and had veto power, Japan shamed for invading Nigeria and left (self-help), same with Italy, US wasn’t in it

appeasement

Germany wanted to take land from Czechoslovakia, given it because no one is strong enough to stop them and just want to please Germany

ideologists perspective on why we had Cold War

communism vs democracy

Suez Canal and Cuban Missile Crisis commonalities

ran risk of developing into nuclear war, US and USSR willing to test each other, neither US or USSR wanted to get involved direct, neither US nor USSR wanted nuclear conflict, both US and USSR saw importance of maintaining balance of power

Intergovernmental Organizations (IGOs)

UN, NATO, EU, League of Arab States, ASEAN

Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)

Amnesty International, Greenpeace, Oxfam, Doctors without Borders, Red Cross

Multinational Corporations (MNCs)

McDonalds, Coca-Cola, 3M, Apple, Samsung, Microsoft, SC Johnson, Toyota, Boeing

hard power

coercive power wielded through inducements or threats (military threat, economic threat or inducement) realism

soft power

 capacity to persuade others to do what one wants accomplished through attraction and emulation (culture, ideology, institutions) liberalism