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Archaic Period
Period from ca. 800 to 500 B.C.E.
Dorians
Nomadic warriors who defeated Mycenaeans around 750 B.C.E.
Mycenaean Culture
Culture absorbed by Dorians, forming Greek identity.
Homeric Myths
Myths that contributed to Greek national identity.
Iliad and Odyssey
Epic poems attributed to Homer.
First Olympic Games
Held in 776 B.C.E. at Olympia.
Polis
Independent city-state controlling surrounding rural areas.
Doric Dialect
Spoken in Sparta, dominant in the Dorian polis.
Ionic Dialect
Spoken in Athens, dominant in the Ionic polis.
Peloponnesian War
Conflict between Athens and Sparta for dominance.
Athenian Democracy
Government by the people established by 450 B.C.E.
Draco
Established the first Athenian law code in 621 B.C.E.
Solon
Eliminated debt slavery in 594 B.C.E.
Peisistratus
Redistributed land to peasants in 546 B.C.E.
Cleisthenes
Created the Council of 500 in 508 B.C.E.
Council of 500
Athenian assembly presided by elected archons.
Ostracism
Exile of individuals opposing democratic ideals.
Athenian Society
Men ran government; women managed households.
Helots
Serfs working for Sparta, significantly outnumbering citizens.
Spartan Government
Ruled by a council of kings and nobles.
Ares
God of war, patron of Sparta.
Delian League
Alliance led by Athens for mutual protection.
Parthenon
Temple in Athens, symbolizing Athenian power.
Thucydides
Historian who documented the Peloponnesian War.
Syracuse Campaign
Disastrous Athenian attack in 415 B.C.E.
Macedonian Rule
Unified Greece under King Philip II in 336 B.C.E.
Spartan Society
Emphasized military training and discipline.
Athenian Empire
Dominated by Athens, often coercing city-states.
Spartan Women
Educated and managed property, no political rights.
Athenian Men
Citizens involved in politics and culture.
Helot Revolts
Rebellions by Helots against Spartan control.
