Chapter 10: Cardiovascular, Immune, Lymphatic Systems, and Blood

cardiovascular system

consists of the heart and a closed network of blood vessels composed of arteries, capillaries, and veins

Where does the right side of the heart pump blood to?

To the lungs

Where does the left side of the heart pump blood to?

To all parts of the body besides the lungs

heart

muscular cone-shaped organ the size of a fist, located behind the sternum and between the lungs; its pumping action circulates blood throughout the body

right atrium of the heart

atrium that receives blood returning from the body through the veins and contracts to fill the right ventricle

left atrium of the heart

atrium that receives blood from the lungs and contracts to fill the left ventricle

right ventricle of the heart

ventricle that pumps blood to the lungs

left ventricle of the heart

ventricle that pumps blood from the heart through the arteries to body tissues

atrial septum

separates the atria

ventricular septum

separates the ventricles

atrioventricular valves

consist of the tricuspid and mitral valves, which lie between the right atrium and the right ventricle and the left atrium and left ventricle, respectively; keep blood flowing in one direction

semilunar valves

pulmonary and aortic valves located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery and between the left ventricle and the aorta, respectively

pericardium

two-layer sac surrounding the heart, consisting of an external fibrous and an internal serous layer

internal serous layer of the pericardium

divided into two parts: the outer layer, called the parietal pericardium, and the inner layer, called the epicardium

pericardial space

the space between the parietal pericardium and the epicardium; it contains fluid produced by the serous layer that facilitates movement of the heart

epicardium

outer lining covering the heart; also part of the pericardium

myocardium

middle, thick, muscular layer of the heart

endocardium

inner lining of the heart

blood vessels

tubelike structures that carry blood throughout the body

arteries

blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart

How is the pulmonary artery different from all other arteries?

It carries carbon dioxide and other waste products from the heart to the lungs rather than carrying oxygen and other nutrients from the heart to the body cells

arterioles

smallest arteries

aorta

largest artery in the body, which originates at the left ventricle, briefly ascends as the arch of the aorta, then descends through the thorax and abdomen

veins

blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart

How are pulmonary veins different from all other veins?

They carry oxiginated blood from the lungs to the heart rather than carrying blood containing carbon dioxide and other waste products

venules

smallest veins

venae cavae

largest veins in the body

inferior vena cava

carries blood to the heart from the body parts below the diaphragm

superior vena cava

returns the blood to the heart from the upper parts of the body

capillaries

microscopic blood vessels that connect arterioles with venules; materials are passed between the blood and tissue through the capillary walls

How much blood is contained within the adult body?

about 5 liters

formed elements

also called blood cells

What percentage of the blood is made up of blood cells?

45%

What percentage of the blood is made up of plasma?

55%

bone marrow

all blood cells originate from this soft inner tissue found in flat bones, such as the hip and shoulder blade, and also at the ends of long bones, such as the femur and humerus

hematopoiesis

the process by which stem cells in the bone marrow develop into different types of blood cells, which increase in number and mature, giving rise to specialized blood cells such as erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes

thrombocytes

platelets

What percentage of plasma is made up of water?

90%

What percentage of plasma is made up of solutes?

10%

What percentage of total body weight is from blood?

8%

blood

fluid circulated through the heart, arteries, capillaries, and veins; composed of plasma and formed elements

plasma

clear, straw-colored, liquid portion of blood in which cells are suspended

solutes

dissolved substances

solutes in plasma

these include proteins, electrolytes, and vitamins

activities of the blood

includes transportation of nutrients, waste, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hormones; protection of the body against microorganisms; and regulation by controlling body temperature and maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance

formed elements

also called cells

erythrocytes

red blood cells that carry oxygen

leukocytes

white blood cells that combat infection and respond to inflammation

the five types of leukocyte

neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil, lymphocyte, and monocyte

types of blood vessels

veins, venules, capillaries, arteries, and arterioles

thrombocytes

one of the formed elements in the blood that is responsible for aiding in the clotting process (also called platelets)

hematopoietic stem cells

immature cells found in the bone marrow and peripheral blood which have the potential to develop into all types of blood cells

How can hematopoietic stem cells be obtained for transplantation?

from the patient (autologous), from an identical twin (synergetic), or from a sibling or other individual (allogenic)

embryonic stem cells

derived from the earliest stage of development of the embryo and have the potential to develop into mature body cells

What is stem cells transplantation used to treat?

leukemia, aplastic anemia, multiple myeloma, lymphoma, and immune deficiency disorders

leukemia

cancer involving the white blood cells

aplastic anemia

disease in which there is inadequate production of blood cells

multiple myeloma

cancer that forms tumors in the bone marrow

lymphoma

cancer involving lymphoid cells

What does the lymphatic system consist of?

consists of lymph transported through lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, the spleen, and thymus gland

three functions of the lymphatic system

to return excessive tissue fluid to the blood, absorb fats and fat-soluble vitamins from the small intestine and transport them to the blood, and provide defense against infections and other diseases

lymph

transparent, colorless, tissue fluid; collected extracellular fluid containing lymphocytes and monocytes that flows in a one-way direction toward the heart, drained into the cardiovascular system through ducts in the upper chest

lymphatic vessels

transport lymph from body tissues into the right and left subclavian veins, which then empty into the superior vena cava

lymph nodes

small, sperical bodies composed of lymphoid tissue; filter lymph to keep substances such as bacteria and other foreign agents from entering the blood

spleen

lymphatic organ located in the left side of the abdominal cavity between the stomach and the diaphragm; cleanses blood of microorganisms, stores blood, and destroys worn out red blood cells

thymus gland

lymphatic organ located anterior to the ascending aorta and posterior to the sternum between the lungs; plays an important role in the development of the body’s immune system, particularly from infancy to puberty

What is the function of the immune system?

to protect the body against pathogens (disease-causing organisms such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses), foreign agents that cause allergic reactions (e.g., peanuts), toqin (e.g., insect bites), and abnormal body cells (e.g., cancer), relying on three lines of defense

What is the first line of defense in the immune system?

chemical barriers (e.g., saliva and ear wax) and mechanical barriers (e.g., unbroken skin and mucous membranes)

What is the second line of defense in the immune system?

natural killer (NK) cells, phagocytes, inflammation, fever, and protective proteins

What is the third line of defense (specific immunity) in the immune system?

provides protection against specific pathogens by forming antibodies (T cells or T lymphocytes and B cells or B lymphocytes) to fight against the infectious agent

angi/o

combining form: vessel(s); blood vessel(s)

aort/o

combining form: aorta

arteri/o

combining form: artery or arteries

atri/o

combining form: atrium

cardi/o

combining form: heart

cyt/o

combining form: cell

hem/o

combining form: blood

hemat/o

combining form: blood

lymph/o

combining form: lymph, lymph tissue

lymphaden/o

combining form: lymph node

my/o

combining form: muscle

myel/o

combining form: bone marrow (also used to mean spinal cord)

phleb/o

combining form: vein(s)

plasm/o

combining form: plasma

splen/o

combining form: spleen

thym/o

combining form: thymus gland

valvul/o

combining form: valve

ven/o

combining form: vein(s)

ventricul/o

combining form: ventricle

ather/o

combining form: yellowish, fatty plaque

ech/o

combining form: sound

electr/o

combining form: electricity, electrical activity

embol/o

combining form: plug

erythr/o

combining form: red

immun/o

combining form: immune system

isch/o

combining form: deficiency, blockage

leuk/o

combining form: white

thromb/o

combining form: blood clot

brady-

prefix: slow

endo-

prefix: within