Russian Formalism and New Criticism Flashcards

Comprehensive practice flashcards covering Russian Formalism, Bakhtinian theory, Vladimir Propp, and New Criticism based on the lecture transcript.

What was the "linguistic turn in humanities" that emerged by the 1970s?

A period when theorists increasingly focused on language both as a construct of, and as constructing, society.

Which essay by Viktor Shklovsky marked an intellectual revolution following the Bolshevik Revolution?

Art as Technique

What were the three major formalist schools in early 20th-century Eastern Europe?

Moscow Linguistic Circle, OPOYAZ, and Prague Linguistic Society.

Who was the first president of the Moscow Linguistic Circle founded in 1915?

Filipp Fedorovich Fortunatov

What does the Russian acronym OPOYAZ stand for?

Society for the Study of Poetic Language (Obshchevsto po izucheniyu poeticheskogo yazyka)

Who were the major theorists associated with OPOYAZ?

Boris Eichenbaum, Viktor Shklovsky, Yuri Tynianov, and Osip Brik.

Who was an important figure of Russian Futurism who sought to "depoetize" poetry using street language?

Vladimir Mayakovsky (1893-1930)

What common platform journal did Formalists and Futurists share?

LEF (Left Front of Art)

Which painting by Roger Fry gave graphic expression to the ideas of the Bloomsbury Group?

River with Poplars

Who stated that a picture "before it is a picture of a battle horse, a nude woman, or some story, is essentially a flat surface covered in colours arranged in a certain order"?

Maurice Denis

Who was the first president of the Prague Linguistic Circle formed in 1926?

Vilém Mathesius

What document was introduced in 1929 by the Prague Linguistic Circle that laid the foundations of Structuralist linguistics?

The Prague Theses on language

In Formalism, what terms correspond to pre-aesthetic content and aesthetic transformation?

Material (pre-aesthetic) and Device (aesthetic)

Which visual arrangement poem by e.e. cummings illustrates how form subsumes content?

r-p-o-p-h-e-s-s-a-g-r (grasshopper)

Who introduced the term "literariness" (Literaturnost) in 1919?

Roman Jakobson

How is "literariness" defined in Russian Formalism?

The features that transform any articulation of language into literature, making a work a literary work.

What concept did Viktor Shklovsky introduce in his 1917 essay "Art as Technique"?

Defamiliarization (Ostranenie)

According to Terry Eagleton, what year was declared the birth year of theory?

1917

Which author's works, such as "Shame" and "Kholstomer", did Shklovsky use to illustrate defamiliarization?

Leo Tolstoy

In Tolstoy's story "Kholstomer", through whose point of view is the institution of private property defamiliarized?

A horse

What redefinition of art is conveyed by Marcel Duchamp's artwork Fountain (1917)?

It expresses disgust with the contemporary state of art and demonstrates that the artwork is mass-produced rather than a special object.

What is foregrounding (Aktualisace) as discussed by Jan Mukarovsky?

The aesthetically intentional distortion of linguistic components to create defamiliarization or deautomatization.

According to Boris Eichenbaum, what is "Skaz"?

A type of oral folkloric narration where a simple narrator's voice becomes the central organizing principle.

In Russian Formalist narrative theory, what is the distinction between "Fabula" and "Syuzet"?

Fabula is the series of events linked chronologically and causally, while Syuzet is the artistic arrangement and distortion of events in the text.

In Roman Jakobson's language model, which two concepts represent the selection and combination poles of language?

Metaphor (selection, similarity, poetry) and Metonymy (combination, contiguity, prose).

According to Roman Jakobson's model of communication, which factor corresponds to the "Phatic" function?

Contact (used to establish, prolong, or discontinue communication).

Which function of language dominates when an utterance foregrounds its own textuality and focuses on the message for its own sake?

Poetic function

In Roman Jakobson's communication factors, what function corresponds to the Addresser?

Emotive function

In Roman Jakobson's communication factors, what function corresponds to the Addressee?

Conative function

What key functions of communication are present in the "Don't Drink and Drive" poster?

Phatic (attract attention), Conative (convince), Emotive (create emotion), and Referential (give information).

Who propounded the concept of the dynamic structure of a text in The Problem of Verse Language?

Juri Tynianov

Which 1928 work by Juri Tynianov and Roman Jakobson addressed literary evolution and laid the foundations of Structuralism?

Problems of the Study of Literature and Language

What health condition did Mikhail Bakhtin suffer from that resulted in the amputation of his right leg in 1938?

Bone disease

What doctoral dissertation did Mikhail Bakhtin submit to the Gorky Institute in 1941?

A dissertation on François Rabelais (later published as Rabelais and His World).

What three major concepts form the core of Mikhail Bakhtin's intellectual work?

Prosaics, Dialogue, and Unfinalizability.

Who coined the term "Prosaics" to describe Bakhtin's literary theory that privileges prose and the novel?

Gary Saul Morson and Caryl Emerson

What is Mikhail Bakhtin's concept of "Heteroglossia"?

The multiplicity of interacting, ideologically competing social dialects, jargons, and generic languages that stratify a single language.

What is Bakhtin's concept of the "Carnivalesque"?

A theory of laughter subverting dominant power, sacred dogma, and official style through chaos, humor, and grotesque body realism.

Who introduced the term "Intertextuality" in 1966 based on Bakhtin's concepts of dialogism and carnival?

Julia Kristeva (in "Word, Dialogue and Novel")

How many narratemes (functions) and character types did Vladimir Propp identify in Morphology of the Folktale (1928)?

31 functions and 7 character types.

Which critical movement from the 1930s-50s focused on Aristotle's concepts of plot, character, and genre intrinsically?

Neo-Aristotelianism / The Chicago School

Who delivered a 1910 lecture titled "The New Criticism", and who later popularized the term in a 1941 book?

Joel Spingarn first used the term in 1910; John Crowe Ransom popularized it in his 1941 book The New Criticism.

What critical method did I. A. Richards, F. R. Leavis, and William Empson pioneer at Cambridge?

Practical Criticism (close reading)

What four kinds of meaning did I. A. Richards outline in his theoretical framework?

Sense, Feeling, Tone, and Intention.

What two uses of language did I. A. Richards distinguish in Principles of Literary Criticism (1924)?

The scientific (referential/symbolic) use and the emotive (evocative) use.

What was "Basic English", co-developed by C. K. Ogden and promoted by I. A. Richards?

A simplified language system containing only 850 words meant for second language learners and international communication.

Who authored The Seven Types of Ambiguity in 1930 at age 24?

William Empson

In The Great Tradition (1948), which four novelists did F. R. Leavis identify as the great English tradition?

Jane Austen, George Eliot, Henry James, and Joseph Conrad.

How are Intentional Fallacy and Affective Fallacy defined by Wimsatt and Beardsley?

Intentional Fallacy evaluates art based on the author's intended purpose; Affective Fallacy evaluates art based on the reader's emotional response.

What concept did Cleanth Brooks formulate in The Well-Wrought Urn to argue that a poem's meaning cannot be reduced to a summary?

The Heresy of Paraphrase