CLCIV 101 Final

Cimon

510-450 BC, Athenian leader, son of Militiades. The leader of the Delian League. He lead aggressive attacks on Persia, and made friendly relations with Sparta. Thasos then rebelled the League, and then the people wanted to break away with Sparta. Cimon was exiled, and then Athens made an alliance with Sparta's enemy, causing them to break ties.

Ephialtes

fifth century BC, an Athenian democratic political reformer. Traitor that showed the Persians the goat path that led to the Greeks' defeat at Thermopylae

Pericles

495-429 BC, Athenian statesman noted for advancing democracy in Athens and for ordering the construction of the Parthenon.

Long Walls

defensive walls built between Athens and Piraeus

Old Oligarch

unknown author of oligarchic pamphlet from the 5th century BC

metics

non citizen foreigners living in Athens

liturgies

a public service established by the city-state whereby its richest members financed state events with their personal wealth

Corcyra

Corinthian colony that wanted independence; it reached out to Athens for help which led to the Battle of Sybota.

Epidamnus

Location of civil war between Corcyra and Corinth, leading to second Peloponnesian war

demagogue

a leader who exploits popular prejudices and false claims and promises in order to gain power

daedalic style

The Greek Orientalizing sculptural style of the seventh century BCE named after the legendary artist Daedalus

Naucratis

Greek trading colony in Egyptian delta

Kore/Kouros

a Greek statue of a clothed maiden/ a Greek statue of a male youth who may have been a god or an athlete

Doric Order

the simplest of the classical Greek architectural styles, featuring unadorned columns with no base

Ionian Order

Cella

the inner area of an ancient temple, especially one housing the hidden cult image in a Greek or Roman temple.

pediment

the triangular upper part of the front of a building in classical style, typically surmounting a portico of columns.

orientalizing phase

protoattic

black figured style

red figured style

severe style

Early phase of Classical sculpture characterized by reserved, remote expressions, c. 480-450 BCE

lost wax technique

high classical

c. 450-400 BCE

Parthenon

A large temple dedicated to the goddess Athena on the Acropolis in Athens, Greece. It was built in the 5th century BCE, during the Athenian golden age.

Elgin Marbles

Propylaea

Erechtheum

Athena Nike

Athena as goddess of victory (Nike)

caryatids

white ground style

Style of pottery. Surface covered in chalky white, figures drawn in black, then colored.

Praxitiles

Corinthian capitals

A more ornate form than Doric or Ionic; it consists of a double row of acanthus leaves from which tendrils and flowers grow, wrapped around a bell-shaped echinus.

tholos

A temple with a circular plan. Also, the burial chamber of a tholos tomb.

Mausoleum at Halicarnassus

in Turkey and was a white tomb built for the Persian King Mausolus wife Artemisia, it was a 135 foot tomb and was destroyed by an earthquake, the British museum has a lot of sculptures from this place

Priene

grid-planned town on sloped hillside in Ionia, western Asia Minor

Posiden

God of the sea, earthquakes, and horses

Aphrodite

goddess of love and beauty and daughter of Zeus in ancient mythology

psyche

Goddess of The Soul. So beautiful that Venus had her son Cupid make her fall in love with someone unsuitable. Cupid falls in love with her. Then Venus puts a curse on her that she cant fall in love or marry again.

miasma

Eleusinian Mysteries

The cult of the mother goddess Demeter and a very popular Athenian festival celebrated each year for the mother and the maiden, Persephone. This cult promised all its members a blissful afterlife.

Persephone

Queen of the underworld; daughter of demeter and was kidnapped by Hades and made his queen; must stay in the underworld for 6 months of the year because she ate 6 pomegranate seeds

Demeter

goddess of the harvest; mother of Persephone

Orphics

This mystery cult had an unfavorable view of life, that the way to avoid reincarnation was to follow a strict moral code, abstain from the flesh of living creatures and avoid wearing wool

Dionysus

god of wine and fertility and drama

Bacchus

Dionysus

Bacchae

(Euripides, c. 405 BC) At the start of this tragedy, the god Dionysus arrives in Thebes to seek vengeance against his aunt Agave, who has denied his immortality, and her son Pentheus, who as King of Thebes bans worship of Dionysus. The god first drives the women of the city mad, causing them to act as wild Maenads. He then convinces Pentheus to disguise himself in animal skins, and spy on the maddened women. However, the demented Agave mistakes Pentheus for a mountain lion, and dismembers her own son. The climax of the play occurs when Agave presents the head of Pentheus to her horrified father, Cadmus. As Agave realizes what she has done, Dionysus chastises her for her lack of respect, and foretells how Cadmus will spend his final days.

oligarchy

a small group of people having control of a country, organization, or institution.

agathoi

"The Good People" aristocrats

kakoi

"The bad people". The poor

demos

the people, the citizens

talents

units of money in ancient Greece

hoplite

Heavily armored Greek infantryman of the Archaic and Classical periods who fought in the close-packed phalanx formation. Hoplite armies-militias composed of middle- and upper-class citizens supplying their own equipment. Famously defeated superior numbers of opponents by fighting as a unit.

phalanx

Formation of soldiers carrying shields close together for defense; any very close group of people

Nicias

(470 - 413 BCE): Athenian general who brokered a temporary peace between Athens and Sparta and subsequently helped lead the Sicilian expedition, a disastrous attempt by Athens to invade Sicily.

Archimadian War

Demosthenes

Athenian orator who tried to warn the Greeks of the threat Philip and his army posed

Sphacteria

Island where the Spartans were marooned and surrendered to the Athenian army under Cleon. Series of accidents that left the Athenians in a good position. Cleon greatly benefited from this. Greece was very surprised that the Spartans surrendered.

Brasidas

Spartan general that led their resurgence in the second half of the Archidamian phase. He captured Amphipolis, but later died defending it.

Cleon

Ruthless ruler in Athens after the death of Pericles; he opposed the Peace of Nicias

Peace of Nicias

50 year peace treaty that concluded the first phase of the Great Peloponnesian war. It lasted 7 years.

Alcibiades

Melos

Gylippus

Decelea

Dionysius

The Four Hundred

In Athens, in 411, the assembly voted itself out of power, placed the safety of the state in in the hands of a new provisional council, which would soon turn into one of 500. Created an oligarchy.

Xenophon

Greek historian; student of Socrates; anecdotal use of history; used history to fulfill his own philosophical agenda

Lysander

Ionia

Area along the central west coast of Asia Minor colonized by settlers from mainland Greece from about 1000 BC. Ionian Greeks, including Homer, played a central role in the early development of Greek history and literature following the Dark Ages.

Miletus

Greek/Ionian settlement on outskirts of Persian empire; beginning site of revolts (499) and Athenian aid (498); Persian reconquer and begin Persian war in 494

Ionian Enlightenment

a set of advances in scientific thought, explanations on nature, and discovering the natural and rational causes behind observable phenomena, that took place in archaic Greece beginning in the 6th century BC.

Anaximander

early Greek naturalist who advocated spontaneous generation as the origin of life

Anaximenes

Pythagoras

A Greek philosopher and mathematician, this man was credited with the discovery that numbers are useful for more than counting physical things.

Herodotus

Greek Historian, considered the father of History. He came from a Greek community in Anatolia and traveled extensively, collecting information in western Asia and the Mediterranean lands.

historie

Heraclitus

a presocratic Greek philosopher who said that fire is the origin of all things and that permanence is an illusion as all things are in perpetual flux (circa 500 BC)

Anaxoragoras

Parmenides

a pre-socratic Greek philosopher born in Italy. Denied the existence of time, plurality, and motion. NO Change. Founder of Metaphysics.

Zeno

Greek philosopher who founded the school of philosophy called Stoicism

paradoxes of Zeno

pluralists

Empedocles

440 B.C. - Greek who stated that all matter was composed of 4 elements: earth, air, fire, & water

Democritus

(460-370 BCE) A Greek philosopher who theorized that all matter could be reduced to particles that could not be divided, which he described as "atomos."

atomic theory

sophists

Athenian men who opened schools for boys to study government, mathematics, ethics, and rhetoric

arete

Moral Relativism

Protagoras

Socrates

(470-399 BCE) An Athenian philosopher who thought that human beings could lead honest lives and that honor was far more important than wealth, fame, or other superficial attributes.

inductive method

Aristophanes

an ancient Greek dramatist remembered for his comedies (448-380 BC)

old comedy

Classical Greek comedy that pokes fun at social, political, or cultural conditions and at particular figures.

Plato

(430-347 BCE) Was a disciple of Socrates whose cornerstone of thought was his theory of Forms, in which there was another world of perfection.

The Republic

created a utopian, ideal state composed of three social classes.

Theory of Forms

Plato's contention that ultimate reality consists of abstract ideas or forms that correspond to all objects in the empirical world. Knowledge of these abstractions is innate and can be attained only through introspection.

Parable of the Cave

Plato's idea. Illustrated pure ideas. Prisoners in a cave only experience shadows on a wall casted by a fire. They are living a life of illusion.

Academy

school of philosophy founded by Plato

Aristotle

A Greek Philosopher, taught Alexander the Great, started a famous school, studied with Plato