FINAL APUSH PERIOD 2 (1607-1754)

North America Context

Spanish established New World Empire, but France and England were still behind

French

• Looking for northwest passage to Asia

• More interested in fur trade with the Indian tribes than conquest

• Canada, Mississippi River Valley

• Jesuit priests, marriage and cooperative relations with Native American tribes

• Male trappers

British/English

• Settled by those who sought social mobility, economic prosperity (Chesapeake), and religious freedom (New England)

• settlements along the Atlantic coast from MA to GA

• Initial tolerance for Native Americans but quickly deteriorated over wars

• Populated by families in compact communities and plantations

• Young single males, but rare intermarriage with Native Americans

Impact of European colonization on Natives

Decimated populations, military confrontations such as Powhatan War (VA) and King Philip’s War in New England, temporary alliances b/w English and Natives

Chesapeake Colony: Jamestown

founded in 1607 by joint-stock to make a profit; religion played only a minor role

scarcity of women strengthened their roles

Chesapeake Colony: Virginia

House of Burgess—first representative legislative assembly

Chesapeake Colony: Maryland

founded by Lord Baltimore as refuge for his Roman Catholics; Act of Religious Toleration (1649) to protect the rights of Catholics in Maryland from Protestant persecution but repealed post-Glorious Revolution

Tobacco

Saved Jamestown and Chesapeake colonies; created a demand for a large and inexpensive labor force; primarily used indentured servitude

Bacon’s Rebellion (1676)

Exposed tensions between former indentured servants and the gentry; planters became wary of indentured servants and marked shift to use of enslaved Africans instead

Causes for growth of slavery

Geographic factors enabled rapid growth of cash crops, navigable rivers

Economic factors enabled tobacco to thrive, but req. large supply of inexpensive labor; Indentured servitude = unreliable and rebellious

Social factors: Southern society dominated by wealthy planters and aspiring slave owners; all whites felt superior. to Black slaves

• Following Stono Rebellion (slaves stole weapons and killed white folks), SC est. strong legislature limiting slaves

Puritans

Protestants who wanted to reform/purify the Church of England; renounced elaborate rituals and argued that hierarchy was unnecessary

Left England to escape political repression, religious restrictions, and economic recession

Wanted to build an ideal Christian society

John Winthrop’s “City Upon a Hill”

Expressed Puritan belief that they had a special pact w/ God to build a model Christian society; first example of American exceptionalism or the belief of democratic reform

Religious dissenters—Puritans

Did not tolerate outspoken religious dissenters

• Anne Hutchinson banished due to her unorthodox religious views of women and the clergy’s sole ability to interpret the Bible…connect w/ role of women and Second Great Awakening

• Roger Williams also banned for unorthodox views of religious toleration and freedom of thought…believed in separation of church and state; founded Rhode Island

Puritan Society

New England in family groups; lived in communities; patriarchal society, valued education

Puritans and Natives

Despite Natives’ assistance, Puritans demonstrated growing hostile attitude towards them as they saw them as savage people

King Philip’s War (1675)

King Philip’s War (1675)

Led by Chief Metacom against the Puritans, who realized the English’ ill intentionss

Geography: Middle Atlantic Colonies

moderate winters, fertile soils, fine harbors, longer growing seasons; hudson, delaware, and susquehanna rivers enabled lucrative fur trade

Pennsylvania (Middle Atlantic Colony)

founded by William Penn as a refuge for Quakers; liberal colony w/ representative assembly elected by landowners; religious freedom

Quakers

pacifists who refused to bear arms, advocated for religious freedom and a greater acceptance of women in church services, opposed slavery

Virginia vs Massachusetts Colonies

Virginia: fertile soil, warm weather, wide rivers…tobacco cash crop

Massachusetts: rocky soil, cold winters, short rivers

VA: founded by a joint-stock company for profit

MA: founded by Pilgrims and Puritans

VA: agricultural economy that turned to enslaved Africans

MA: diversified economy of shipbuilding, farming, rare use of indentured servitude/enslaved Africans

VA and MA: initially peaceful relations that turned sour with war against Natives

West Indies/Caribbean

sugar islands

British Sugar Islands

English drawn to Barbados and Jamaica; by far the most valuable crop grown in the British Empire and main focus

West Indies vs Chesapeake

West Indies—Sugar-based

Chesapeake—Tobacco-based

Mercantilism

Strategy employed by Great Britain to achieve a favorable balance of trade by exporting more than it imported

• Purchasing raw materials from North American colonies and then selling them more expensive manufactured goods

Navigation Acts

Not rigorously enforced (salutary neglect), but stipulated that no ship could trade in the colonies unless constructed in either England or America; certain valuable items were required to travel exclusively to English ports

Effects: encouraged growth of maritime commerce

First Great Awakening

Wave of religious revivals that began in New England from 1730s-1740s

New Lights vs Old Lights

New Lights: deemphasized ceremony and ritual and instead advocated for spontaneity and emotional religious experiences

Old Lights: traditional Puritans and Episcopals

Jonathan Edwards

wrote “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God,” painting a vivid picture of the torments of hell and certainty of God’s justice

George Whitefield

New Light preacher widely popular in Georgia and Maine, condemning Old Light sermons

Effects of the Great Awakening

Greater appreciation of emotional faith

Growth of New Light institutions and universities

Greater religious division

Greater independence and diversity of thought

Demographic trends

• Decline of Native American population

• Growth of enslaved Africans

• Growth of white colonials populations and greater emigration from Germany and Scotland

The Enlightenment

Eighteenth century intellectual movement led by a group of English and French thinkers and writers

Core beliefs: human education and rationality and reason

• John Locke’s argument of natural rights protecting life, liberty, and property

• Pushed for change in dynamics of status, hierarchical relationships