(A&P 1) Lab 1: Body Organization and Terminology

Anatomy

studies the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another

Physiology

how the body parts work (function) and carry out their activities

Homeostasis

Relatively stable internal conditions

Loss of Homeostasis

Loss of homeostasis leads to disease, failure to keep internal environmental balance.

Negative Feedback

Positive Feedback

Anatomical Position

• Body is erect

• feet slightly apart palms facing forward

• thumbs point away from body

• Palms facing forward

Anatomical Regions

(Practice Exercise on iPad)

Sagittal Plane

• Divides the body in left and right parts

• Produces sagittal section (on midline)

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Frontal (Coronal) Plane

• Divides body vertically into anterior and posterior

• Produces frontal/coronal section

Transverse (Horizontal) Plane

• Divides body into superior and inferior parts

• Produces a cross section

Directional Position

Right and left referring to the body being observed not in terms of you the observer.

Superior

Inferior (caudal)

Anterior (ventral)

Posterior (dorsal)

Medial

Lateral

Intermediate

Proximal

Distal

Superficial (external)

Deep (internal)

Ipsilateral

On the same side of the body

Contralateral

On opposite sides of the body

Dorsal Body Cavity (Back)

Has two subdivisions that consists of (1) Cranial Cavity and (2) Vertebral Cavity

(1) Encases the Brain

(2) Encases the Spinal Cord

Ventral Body Cavities

Houses internal organs, two subdivisions divided by the diaphragm

(1) Thoracic cavity

(2) abdominopelvic

Thoracic Cavity contains…

vital organs of respiration and circulation including the

• heart

• lungs

• trachea

• esophagus

Abdominal Cavity contains…

Contains major organs for digestion, filtration, and hormone production, including the

• Stomach

• Pancreas

• Gallbladder

• Liver

• Small intestine

• Large intestine

• appendix

• Kidneys

• Adrenal Glands

• Spleen

Pelvic Cavity contains…

• Urinary bladder

• Distal ureters

• Proximal urethra

• Sigmoid colon

• Rectum

• Ovaries

• Fallopian tubes

• Uterus

Thoracic Cavity Subdivisions

1. Pleural Cavities: house each lung

2. Mediastinum: contains pericardial cavity

3. Pericardial: encloses the heart

Abdominopelvic Cavity Subdivisions

1. Abdominal Cavity: stomach, intestines, spleen, and

   liver

2. Pelvic Cavity: urinary bladder, reproductive

   organs, and rectum

Parietal

The membrane lining the body cavity

Visceral

Membrance covering the organ

Lung

Heart

Abdomen

Abdominopelvic Quadrants

Exercise on iPad

Which organs are located in each quadrant?

Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)

• Liver: The large right lobe dominates this space.

• Gallbladder: Tucked underneath the liver.

• Duodenum: The initial segment of the small intestine.

• Right kidney and adrenal gland: Located posteriorly.

• Hepatic flexure: The curve where the ascending colon becomes the transverse colon.

• Pancreas: Specifically the head of the pancreas.

Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)

• Stomach: Sits mostly in this upper left region.

• Spleen: Located posteriorly under the left rib cage.

• Left liver lobe: The smaller, left portion of the liver.

• Pancreas: Specifically the body and tail of the pancreas.

• Left kidney and adrenal gland: Located posteriorly.

• Splenic flexure: The curve where the transverse colon becomes the descending colon.

Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)

• Cecum: The pouch at the beginning of the large intestine.

• Appendix: Projecting off the cecum.

• Ascending colon: The lower segment traveling upward.

• Right ovary and fallopian tube: In females.

• Right ureter: Channeling urine down to the pelvis.

• Right spermatic cord: In males.

Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)

• Descending colon: The lower segment traveling downward.

• Sigmoid colon: The S-shaped terminal portion of the colon.

• Left ovary and fallopian tube: In females.

• Left ureter: Channeling urine down to the pelvis.

• Left spermatic cord: In males.

Abdominopelvic Regions

Exercise on iPad

What organs are located in each region?

• Right Hypochondriac Region: Located in the upper right section, sheltered by the lower ribs.

  • Liver: Majority of the right lobe.

  • Gallbladder: Entirely nestled underneath the liver.

  • Right Kidney: The upper portion.

• Epigastric Region: Located in the upper middle section, superior to the belly button.

  • Stomach: Majority of the stomach body.

  • Liver: Portions of both left and right lobes.

  • Pancreas: Head, body, and tail stretch across this midline space.

  • Duodenum: The C-loop of the small intestine.

  • Adrenal glands: Sitting atop both kidneys.

• Left Hypochondriac Region: Located in the upper left section, sheltered by the lower ribs.

  • Spleen: Nestled deep beneath the left rib cage.

  • Stomach: The upper fundus portion.

  • Left Kidney: The upper portion.

  • Pancreas: The tip of the tail.

• Right Lumbar Region: Located in the middle right section, adjacent to the lumbar spine.

  • Ascending colon: Traveling upward along the posterior wall.

  • Right Kidney: Lower pole and lower ureter.

  • Small intestine: Portions of the jejunum.

• Umbilical Region: Located in the center section, surrounding the navel.

  • Small intestine: The majority of the jejunum and ileum.

  • Transverse colon: Stretches across the center.

  • Abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava: Major core blood vessels.

• Left Lumbar Region: Located in the middle left section, adjacent to the lumbar spine.

  • Descending colon: Traveling downward.

  • Left Kidney: Lower pole and lower ureter.

  • Small intestine: Portions of the jejunum.

• Right Iliac (Inguinal) Region: Located in the lower right section, near the groin and hip bone.

  • Cecum: The pouch where the large intestine begins.

  • Appendix: Blind pouch extending off the cecum.

  • Right Ovary and Fallopian Tube: In females.

• Hypogastric (Pubic) Region: Located in the lower middle section, inferior to the belly button.

  • Urinary bladder: Rises into this zone when filled.

  • Uterus: In females, resting posterior to the bladder.

  • Sigmoid colon and Rectum: Terminal segments of the large intestine.

  • Prostate: In males, sitting beneath the bladder.

• Left Iliac (Inguinal) Region: Located in the lower left section, near the groin and hip bone.

  • Descending/Sigmoid junction: Transition point of the large intestine.

  • Left Ovary and Fallopian Tube: In females.

Integumentary System (Skin)

Forms external body covering, protects from injury. Synthesis of Vitamin D, has cutaneous receptors and sweat and oil glands

Skeletal System (Bones)

Protects and supports body organs. Framework for muscles. Blood cell formation. Mineral storage

Muscular system

Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion and facial expression. Maintains posture and

produces heat

Nervous System

Control system of the body, responds to internal and external changes

Endocrine System

Glands secrete hormones that regulate body processes

Cardiovascular System

Blood vessels transport blood, which carries O2, CO2, nutrients, waste, etc. The heart pumps blood

Lymphatic System (Immunity)

Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood. Houses WBCs involved in immunity

Respiratory System

Keeps blood supplied with O2 and removes CO2

Digestive System

Breaks down food, absorbs nutrients and eliminates feces

Urinary System

Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates H20, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood

Male+Female Reproductive System

Production of offspring

PRACTICE LABELING EXERCISES ON IPAD NOW

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