Chile Test

Pinochet

Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte, the military dictator of Chile from 1973 to 1990.

9/11/73

The date of the military coup in Chile that overthrew President Salvador Allende.

La Moneda

The presidential palace of Chile, besieged and bombed during the coup.

Junta

A military or political group that rules a country after taking power by force.

GAP

Grupo de Amigos Personales, Allende's personal security group, which was involved in defending La Moneda.

Operation Condor

A campaign of political repression and state terrorism involving coordinated efforts among South American dictatorships.

disappeared

Individuals who were forcibly abducted or killed by the military regime, often without any record of their existence.

Chicago Boys

A group of Chilean economists who advocated neoliberal economic policies during Pinochet's regime.

Caravan of Death

A death squad responsible for the execution of political prisoners in Chile.

Valech Report

A report that documented human rights violations during the Pinochet era, including torture and disappearances.

Rettig Report

A 1991 report that investigated human rights violations in Chile and concluded that thousands were killed or disappeared.

Supreme Chief of the Nation

The title adopted by Pinochet as he consolidated power over the military junta.

Jaime Guzmán

A close advisor to Pinochet who assisted in drafting the new constitution that concentrated power in the presidency.

Consultation Nacional

A plebiscite by military leaders regarding future governance in Chile.

General Prats

Pinochet's predecessor as army commander who resigned rather than support the coup against Allende.

Pope John Paul II

His visit to Chile in 1987 urged Pinochet to consider a return to democracy.

1980 Constitution

A document establishing a new legal framework for Chile under Pinochet, including provisions for presidential elections.

freedoms

Rights and liberties that were abolished during Pinochet's authoritarian regime.

neoliberalism

An economic philosophy stressing deregulation, privatization, and reduction of state influence in the economy.

DINA

Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional, the Chilean secret police under Pinochet notorious for human rights abuses.

Eugenio Berrios

A DINA biochemist involved in intelligence operations, assassinated in 1995.

Operation Colombo

An operation to discredit political dissidents, furthering Pinochet's regime's narrative against leftists.

Codelco

The copper mining company in Chile that was nationalized and remained under government control.

UE

The opposition party that was largely crushed under Pinochet's rule.

Alejandro Foxley

Chilean economist who stated that 44% of families lived below the poverty line by the end of Pinochet's reign.

human rights violations

Crimes committed against individuals' rights during the military dictatorship.

torture facilities

Sites where political prisoners faced severe abuse and maltreatment under Pinochet.

lost decade

Period during the 1980s characterized by economic crisis and political repression in Latin America.

Political Repression

State-sanctioned violence against political opponents and dissenters.

Plebiscite of 1988

Referendum that allowed Chileans to vote on whether to extend Pinochet's rule.

Patricio Aylwin

First democratically elected president following Pinochet, representing the Coalition of Parties for Democracy.

1989 Presidential Election

Elections held after the end of Pinochet's dictatorship, leading to a democratic government.

Senator-for-life

Position given to Pinochet by the 1980 Constitution, granting him legislative immunity.

humanitarian crisis

The widespread suffering resulting from human rights violations under Pinochet.

Corruption

Illegal or unethical conduct in power, referring to Pinochet’s misuse of resources.

CIA

The Central Intelligence Agency of the United States, which supported the coup against Allende.

Economic reforms

Changes initiated under Pinochet aimed at liberalizing the Chilean economy.

Operation Condor

A covert program of political repression involving collaboration among South American dictatorships.

Political prisoners

Individuals incarcerated for their political beliefs under a repressive regime.

Pinochet's legacy

The long-lasting impact of Pinochet's policies on Chilean society and history.

victims of repression

People who suffered from state violence due to their political affiliations.

Constitutional Tribunal

An institution created by the 1980 Constitution to oversee constitutional matters.

moral authority

The ethical weight of a country's leaders and government, contested during Pinochet's rule.

Pope's influence

The impact of Pope John Paul II's visit on Chile's political climate during Pinochet's regime.

National Security Council

COSENA, established during Pinochet's rule to address national security issues.

Constitutional amendments

Changes made to the Constitution during the transitional period to democracy.

Pinochet’s economic policies

Strategies including privatization and deregulation aimed at revitalizing Chile’s economy.

exiled dissidents

Chilean individuals who fled their country to escape political persecution.

U.S. financial institutions

Banks and financial systems that were involved in handling illicit funds connected to Pinochet.

Julia Therese Dani

Influential figure in restoring human rights in Chile post-Pinochet.

military dictatorship

A government led by military leaders, often characterized by repression and authoritarianism.

de facto government

An authority performing the functions of government without legal recognition.

intelligence agencies

Government bodies responsible for gathering and analyzing national security information.

human rights atrocities

Egregious violations of human rights, particularly prevalent during Pinochet's regime.

political transition

The process of moving from authoritarian rule to democratic governance.

socialist government

A government promoting socialist principles, which was overthrown by Pinochet.

Constitution of 1980

The controversial legal document that established the framework for Pinochet’s government.

collapse of democracy

The failure of democratic governance, exemplified by the coup against Allende.

revolutionary movements

Efforts aimed at radical change in governance, often leading to conflict and resistance.

Operation прForces

The military strategies employed by Pinochet's regime during the coup.

legitimacy of power

The accepted justification for the authority structure within the government.

authoritarian rule

A governing system where political power is concentrated in a leader or ruling elite.

secession of political parties

The banning of political groups, particularly those opposing Pinochet.

Chile's resisters

Individuals and groups that opposed Pinochet's dictatorship, often facing persecution.

cross-border operations

Activities by Chilean intelligence to pursue dissidents outside of national borders.

secret police tactics

Covert and often violent methods used by the regime to control opposition.

freedom of speech

A fundamental right suppressed under Pinochet’s rule.

education reforms

Changes made during Pinochet's regime affecting the education system in Chile.

socioeconomic disparities

The widening gap between rich and poor, exacerbated during Pinochet's economic policies.

national reconciliation

Efforts aimed at restoring unity in a society deeply divided by political conflict.

widespread protests

Public demonstrations against Pinochet's government and policies.

repressive legislation

Laws enacted to suppress dissent and limit freedoms during Pinochet's regime.

judicial immunity

The protection from prosecution granted to Pinochet by virtue of his military position.

ethnic cleansing

The deliberate removal or persecution of ethnic groups during regime violence.

remnants of dictatorship

Continuing effects and structures remaining after the fall of Pinochet's government.

international outcry

Global reactions and condemnations regarding human rights abuses in Chile.

human dignity

The intrinsic value and worth of every person, often violated under Pinochet.

unresolved crimes

Criminal acts committed during the dictatorship that remain unpunished.

legacy of violence

The enduring impact of systemic violence on Chilean society post-Pinochet.

economic inequality

The disparity between rich and poor that worsened under neoliberal reforms.

freedom fighters

Individuals who fought against oppressive regimes in pursuit of political freedom.

socioeconomic policies

Government measures aimed at influencing the economic and social conditions of Chile.

transnational repression

Efforts by one country to suppress dissent among its citizens abroad.

international law standards

Legal norms established globally to protect human rights, often violated under Pinochet.

democratic transition

The shift from a dictatorship to a democratically elected government.

socio-political context

The broader environment of social and political factors affecting events in Chile.

unconditional amnesty

Massive legal protection against prosecution granted to military leaders post-dictatorship.

historical accountability

The obligation to seek justice and truth regarding past wrongdoings.

Dictatorial governance

Administration by a dictator which limits political freedoms and enforces strict rule.

covert operations

Secret government actions aimed at achieving political objectives, often illegally.

social justice

The pursuit of fair and just relations within society, marginalized under Pinochet.

military intervention

The use of armed forces to control or influence a political situation.

collective memory

The shared pool of knowledge and information regarding past events, particularly those of suffering.