Overview of Hypersensitivity Types and Immune Responses

Type 1 Hypersensitivity

IgE mediated allergic reactions causing inflammation.

Allergens

Antigens that trigger Type 1 hypersensitivity.

Type 2 Hypersensitivity

Cell destruction via IgM and IgG antibodies.

Autoimmune Diseases

Diseases resulting from Type 2 hypersensitivity.

Blood Transfusion Reaction

Destruction of blood cells from incompatible transfusion.

Hemolytic Disease of Newborn

Destruction of fetal red blood cells.

Type 3 Hypersensitivity

Caused by antigen-antibody complexes leading to inflammation.

Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis

Localized lung inflammation from Type 3 hypersensitivity.

Glomerulonephritis

Kidney inflammation due to immune complex deposition.

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Systemic inflammation from Type 3 hypersensitivity.

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Autoimmune disease involving Type 3 hypersensitivity.

Type 4 Hypersensitivity

Delayed inflammation from T cell and antigen interaction.

Macrophages

Cells that migrate to sites of Type 4 hypersensitivity.

Gram Stains

Differentiation of bacteria based on cell wall properties.

Gram Positive Bacteria

Stains purple; thick peptidoglycan layer.

Gram Negative Bacteria

Stains pink; thin peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharides.

Acid Fast Bacteria

Contain mycolic acid; resist decolorization.

Glycolysis

Breakdown of glucose into pyruvate, yielding ATP.

Krebs Cycle

Produces NADH and FADH2 from Acetyl CoA.

Electron Transport Chain

Establishes proton gradient for ATP synthesis.

Fermentation

Anaerobic process producing lactic acid or alcohol.

Prokaryotic ATP Yield

38 ATP produced per glucose molecule.

Eukaryotic ATP Yield

36 ATP produced per glucose molecule.

Aerobes

Organisms that require oxygen for respiration.

Anaerobes

Organisms that do not use oxygen for metabolism.

Facultative Anaerobes

Can switch between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

Aerotolerant Anaerobes

Do not use oxygen but can detoxify its forms.

Microaerophiles

Require low oxygen levels (2-10%) for growth.

Dilution Factor

Ratio indicating concentration reduction of a solution.

Colony Count

Average number of colonies in a sample.

Org/ml Calculation

Formula to determine organism concentration in solution.

D Value

Time to kill 90% of bacteria at specific temperature.

Log Kill

Percentage of bacteria killed per log reduction.

Aminoglycoside

Antibiotic class that inhibits bacterial ribosomes.

Bacitracin

Topical antibiotic effective against S. pyogenes.

Cephalosporin

B-lactam antibiotic with modification potential.

Metronidazole

Antibiotic causing 'black hairy tongue' side effect.

Rifampin

Inhibits DNA-directed RNA polymerase in bacteria.

Beta Oxidation

Process of fatty acid catabolism for energy.

Acetyl CoA

Key product of fatty acid breakdown.

NADH

Reduced form of NAD+, energy carrier.

FADH2

Reduced form of FAD, energy carrier.

T Cells

Regulate and direct acquired immune response.

B Cells

Memory and effector cells producing antibodies.

NK Cells

Destroy aberrant cells nonspecifically using granzymes.

Neutrophils

Most common leukocyte, capable of phagocytosis.

Basophils

Leukocytes containing inflammatory mediators, no phagocytosis.

Eosinophils

Leukocytes with limited phagocytosis, fight parasites.

MHC Class I

Presents endogenous antigens to cytotoxic T cells.

MHC Class II

Presents exogenous antigens to helper T cells.

Immunoglobulin G (IgG)

Longest serum half-life, crosses barriers, fixes complement.

Multiple Sclerosis

Autoimmune disease destroying CNS myelin sheath.

AIDS

Condition characterized by depleted T helper cells.

agalactiae

Positive for CAMP test, causes neonatal infections.

Staphylococcus aureus

Causes food poisoning and toxic shock syndrome.

Staph epidermis

Bacteria commonly found on human skin.

Viridians streptococci

Forms dental plaque via glucosyltransferase on sucrose.

S. pneumoniae

Large polysaccharide capsule is main virulence factor.

Enterococcus

Extremophile, major cause of nosocomial infections.

Treponema

Causes STI and congenital infections, Hutchison's triad.

Borrelia burgdorferi

Causes Lyme disease, characterized by bull's eye rash.

Campylobacter jejuni

Common cause of bacterial gastroenteritis.

Leptospira interrogans

Zoonotic disease spread via animal urine.

Vibrio cholerae

Causes severe diarrhea, massive fluid loss.

Borrelia recurrentis

Causes relapsing fever, transmitted by lice or ticks.

Helicobacter pylori

Associated with gastritis and duodenal ulcers.

Rickettsia typhi

Causes endemic typhus via rats or fleas.

Rickettsia prowazekii

Causes endemic typhus spread by lice.

Chlamydia trachomatis

Causes STI and preventable blindness.

Orientia tsutsugamushi

Causes scrub typhus via chiggers.

Chlamydophila pneumoniae

Causes respiratory disease via droplets.

Chlamydophila psittaci

Causes ornithosis from parrots to humans.

Rickettsia rickettsii

Causes spotted fever rickettsiosis, tick-borne.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Produces blue-green pigment.

Serratia marcescens

Produces bright red pigment.

Papillomavirus

Causes warts, occasionally oncogenic.

Poxvirus

Brick-shaped, causes molluscum contagiosum.

Herpes simplex virus

Causes gingivostomatitis and cold sores.

Paramyxovirus

Includes mumps, measles, and RSV.

Adenovirus

Causes respiratory infections and conjunctivitis.

Togavirus

Includes rubella virus, causes severe birth defects.

Rhabdovirus

Associated with Negri bodies in the brain.

Hepadnavirus

Causes hepatitis B.

Orthomyxovirus

Includes influenza virus, 8 RNA segments.

Retrovirus

Includes HTLV ½ and HIV.

Rotavirus

Causes highly infectious infantile gastroenteritis.

Arenavirus

Causes hemorrhagic fevers, contains ribosomes.

Bunyavirus

Causes hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, deer reservoirs.

Coronavirus

Includes SARS, MERS, and COVID-19.

Flavivirus

Includes dengue and yellow fever.

Parvovirus

Single-stranded DNA virus.

Calicivirus

Common cause of gastroenteritis.

Filovirus

Includes Ebola and Marburg viruses.

Picornaviruses

Small RNA viruses, causes poliomyelitis and Hep A.

Clostridium botulinum

Produces toxin causing flaccid paralysis.

Listeria monocytogenes

Dangerous for pregnant women, found in dairy.

Bacillus anthracis

BSL III pathogen with 3-part toxin.

Clostridium difficile

Causes antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis.

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Forms grey pseudomembrane in throat.

Clostridium tetani

Toxin causes spastic paralysis.