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Xylem
__________ transports water and dissolved minerals upward from roots to leaves.
Phloem
_____________ distributes sugars produced in leaves both upward and downward depending on the plant's nutritional needs.
Transport proteins
__________________ (e.g., aquaporins) facilitate water movement, increasing the efficiency of osmosis
plasmodesmata
Plant cells are interconnected by ____________, enabling solute and water exchange between cells.
higher, lower
Water moves from areas of _________ water potential to _________water potential.
Measures the physical pressure exerted by water on cell walls.
Pressure potential measures…
the effect of dissolved solutes
Solute potential measures…
turgor pressure drops
When water leaves plant cells (due to lower external ψw\psi_w), what happens to turgor pressure?
plasmolysis
Lack of turgor pressure leads to ___________, causing cells to shrink and plants to wilt.
When water moves out of the cell because it is placed in a hypertonic solution and the plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall due to the loss of water through osmosis
What is plasmolysis?
root hairs
Water and minerals are absorbed by _________, which increase surface area.
Apoplastic pathway
Water moves through non-living regions like cell walls and spaces between cells, bypassing
Symplastic pathway
Water travels through living cells via plasmodesmata.
transmembrane pathway
Water crosses membranes and vacuoles, offering precise control over substance transport.
endodermis
The ______________ (a single-cell layer) regulates entry into the vascular tissue.
Casparian strips
_______________, made of suberin, force water and solutes to cross the plasma membrane, allowing selective transport.
Root Pressure
______________ builds overnight when transpiration stops, leading to guttation (water exuding from leaves).
Transpiration
Evaporation of water from leaves creates a negative pressure gradient, pulling water upward. This process is essential for nutrient transport and maintaining plant hydration.
cohesion, adhesion
Hydrogen bonds between water molecules (_________) and water binding to cell walls (________) maintain a continuous water column.
tracheids
Air bubbles can break the water column but are mitigated by anatomical adaptations like pits connecting _________or vessels. These adaptations help to maintain water transport efficiency in plants.
Allows gas exchange for photosynthesis and water vapor release
What is the function of stomata?
Daytime
When does the stomata open?
lowers
Increased solute concentration _________water potential
Translocation
_______________ is the movement of carbohydrates (primarily sucrose) and other solutes through the phloem to various parts of the plant.
Sugars, hormones, mRNA, and amino acids
What makes up phloem sap?
The tissue that transports sugar and other products of photosynthesis from the leaves to other parts of the plant
What is the function of phloem in plants?
The movement of carbs in the phloem from a source like leaves, to a sink such as growing roots, stems, and fruits
What is the pressure flow hypothesis?
Carbs (sucrose) are synthesized in photosynthetic tissues
What happens during sucrose production?
Phloem loading at the source
Building turgor pressure
Phloem unloading at sink
What are the three steps of the cellular mechanism of sugar movement?
osmotic pressure gradients
The movement of phloem sap is driven by…
free energy
Potentials are a way to represent…
water potential
What represents the potential energy to drive osmosis?
Comparing water potential values
We can predict the movement of water by…
Pressure potential (physical force) + Solute potential (concentration of solute in solution)
How do you calculate water potential?
___________ is the evaporation of water through stomata
the stomata
Rate of transpiration controlled by….
guard cells
The stomata is formed from
abscisic acid (ABA)
What promotes stomatal closing?
Negative
The solute potential of a cell will always be….(±)
positive
The pressure potential of a cell will always be… (±)
Transpiration
The evaporation of water off the leaves
