period 3 - APUSH

how long was the seven years war and french and indian war for? give exact years

9 years

1751-1763

cause/underlying factor of the french and indian war

land dispute - rivalry intensified as British moved inland into America, threatening French trade + native authority of land

explain the first conflict of the French and Indian war in 1754

France and Britian conflicted over land in Ohio River valley

Brits moved into the land already held by French

French built Fort Duquesne to protect land

under Colonel George Washington, Brits built fort Necessity

due to the seemingly upcoming French and Indian War, who proposed the Albany Plan of Union? explain what it is.

Benjamin Franklin

Plan to unite colonies to fight French attack with assembly of delegates from each colony to manage colonial affairs such as trade, defense, and native relations

Albany Plan of Union propaganda

"Join or Die" in Pennsylvania Gazette

each part represents a colony, the divided/dead snake = divided nation; fully formed snake > can kill

JOIN OR French might kill you/kill your way of like (DIE)

why did both colonies AND Brits reject the Albany Plan of Union?

England: did not want colonies gang up and turn against it

Colonial: did not want other colonies ordering them - wanted autonomy

1st attempt at unity of the colonies

Albany Plan of Union

what happened after Washington was captured in July 1754?

his troops were forced out the Ohio River Valley

due to Washington's fail and capture, what did the British Prime Minister do despite concerns over finances?

wanted to be out of war due to debt from previous wars

however, agreed to send military forces: William Pitt - Brit member of Prime Minster's cabinent

how did William Pitt change the French and Indian War? what led to his downfall? what about eventual success later?

Pitt attacked and captured many French forts

Defeat: in an attack while advancing on Fort Duquense due to many French allying with the natives

1757 - spend lots of $$ mobilizing Brit trops

1758 - Brits moved from one victory to next - captured Fort Duquesne (now Fort Pitt)

in 1756, where does the fighting from the French and Indian war spread?

to Europe becoming 2 front war - "Great War for Empire"/ 7 Years War

what shaped the war in 1757 and 1758

1757 - spend lots of $$ mobilizing Brit trops

1758 - Brits moved from one victory to next - captured Fort Duquesne (now Fort Pitt) + captured Quebec and Spanish colonies (Spain had allied with French)

Treaty of Paris of 1763

French: lost their empire in North America (all)

British: kept Canada and land EAST of Mississippi River + Spanish Florida

Spain: kept land west of Mississippi River + NOLA

what did the end of the French and Indian War lead to in the Indians?

conflict in Ohio River Valley bc natives were fearful of the land greedy Brits

Pontiac's Rebellion 1763

to protest the Brits taking their land

Native American chief named Pontiac allied with several tribes, caputed and killed many Brits military posts, killed/captured over 2000 frontier settlers

Brits were able to defeat the natives and put down Pontiac's rebellion near Fort Pitt

explain the peace settlement with the natives

natives accepted Brit claims to land - Brits promised to addreess their concerns:

losing land to Brit settlers

explain why King George III made Proclamation of 1763 + what it is

for native peace to ensure they keep land

proclamation line - settlers cannot settle past the line

colonist reaction to proclamation act of 1763

made colonies angry bc fought then DIDNT keep the land

after the french and indian war, what were the long lasting effects?

enforcement of Navigation Acts

peacetime army

high national debt

intrusive govt

explain the post french indian war relation of americans to brits

Americans thought the British were snobby.

British thought Americans were untrained and incapable in battle.

explain the peace time army by George III

King George III left a large peacetime army in the colonies after the war was over (about 10,000 soldiers)

Purpose: indicate his willingness to use force to preserve his authority over the colonists.

It showed the colonists that the king does not trust them.

Colonists are rioting/won't give troops food

explain the post french indian war debt

After the war, Britain's debt (which was already bad) almost doubled.

Initially, Parliament will pass the cost of this debt onto the British taxpayers in Britain through excise (sales) taxes. But that will eventually change.

revenue act of 1762

WHY: Post French/Indian War

Parliament also passed that curbed corruption in the customs service, and gave the Royal Navy the authority to seize vessels that were carrying goods between the mainland colonies and the French islands

how did britian want to solve debt crisis

Sugar Act - 1763 George Grenville new prime minister decided the debt should fall unto the colonists - not the British since the war benefited the colonies

Sugar Act of 1764

:Greenville to reduce smuggling resulting from Molasses Act

a. Reduce tariff on French molasses

b. Strengthens the enforcement of the Act - violators tried in vice admiralty courts (when go to court, tried by no jury, only one judge)

why did merchants vs colonists complain about sugar act?

colonists - unconstitutional

merchants - tax would cause reduced profits

colonists argument for unconstitutional tasxes/ representation

Colonists say no actual representation - someone physically present in Parliament from colonies to represent the colonies

brititsh argument for taxes/ representation

British say yes virtual representation - parliament works for the best interest of all their colonies, therefore, American colonists are represented

why did the British Americans believe themselves different from other British colonies

British Americans believe different: own British people living on American land, not ruling over the captured people (still part of Britian)

Stamp Act 1765 -

first direct tax (on everyone) in the colonies requiring that a stamp be placed on all printed items in the colonies

Quartering Act (1765)

colonial government had to feed and house British soldiers

Colonists HATED British soldiers > don't want in house

explain end of salutary neglect under grenville

Grenville has now officially changed the management of the colonies from salutary neglect to a system run by British officials with no input from colonial assemblies.

Patriots

group of people opposed to Britian's policies, organized protests, rioted, and articulated an ideology of resistance (tell everyone to rebel)

Stamp Act Congress

1765 NYC Stamp Act Congress - 9 colonies sent delegated to Stamp Act Congress;

explain the document "Declarations of the Stamp Act Congress

a. created a list of grievances on Stamp Act + Sugar Act

a. Called acts unconstitutional, said needed representation, right to trial by jury taken away (guaranteed by Magna Carta), but also say do not want conflict - rather compromise

b. Begin and end by pledging their loyalty to the king in Britan

Sons of Liberty

1. radical violent resistance group against Britian organized by Sam Adams

a. Tar/feather tax collectors

b. Burned down buildings/houses

c. Mutilate tax collectors in effigy - murder doll symbolic

explain motives of crowds/ riots

a. Feared new imperial system would take away liberties

b. Resentment of British arrogance

c. Cheaper manufactured goods from Britian threatened business of the artisans

d. Kids - It was fun! It was adventurous!

explain the temporary peace under lord rockingham

he opposed to all tough policies on colonists + repeals the taxes

repeals the taxes

why did parliment/ merchants favor rockingham's repeal of taxes + exact changes

parliment: believed american better for commerce + unconstituional

merchants: boycotts hurt merchants

1. Stamp Act Repealed 1766

2. Sugar Act Changed - tariff lowered even more

declaratory act

A. Lord Rockingham - parliament had right to pass taxes and acts on the colonists

explain the ideological shift from protest to resistance

1. Initial focused on economic and political matters

2. Patriot leaders gave intellectual rational, a political agenda, and visible team of leaders

3. Idea of liberty emerged- natural rights of all people

three intellectual resources for patriot leaders

English Common Law - Protected subjects from unreasonable search and seizure, needed warrant - but colonies could be searched with writ of assistance (allowed any and all homes searched)

Enlightemnet

John Locke

Montequieu - separate powers

English Politcal Past - Glorious Revolution

explain how patriots spread ideas:

1. Publishing pamplits and circulating them

2. Turned riots and tax protests into political movement

explain colonists ideas of slaves northern

some viewed themselves as slaves (taxed) > led Ben Franklin question the violating natural rights

Enslaved people saw the connected and submitted at least 4 petitions to legistature to abolish slavery

explain colonists ideas of slaves southern

alarmed at the idea of freedom

November 1773 - group of Virginia slaves hoped to win freedom by supporting Birtish troups , plan uncoverd, and James Madison said "proper precautions were taken to prevent the infection from spreading"

Madison says must things should be stopped

townshend acts of 1767

by charles townshend

a tax on paper, paint, glass, and tea in the colonies to raise revenue for Britian - some would be used on military expenditures, but mostly to fund royal officials in the colonies

explain who townshend was

charles townshend (Chancellor of the Exchequer (in charge of finances) - not sympathetic to the colonists) > a William Pitt (British statement from French and Indian War) replaces as prime minister, but chronically ill, leaving Townshend in control

second boycott

1768 - Massachusetts Assembly condemned the Townshend Acts

a. New York and Boston merchants began to boycott imported goods again - creating non-importation movement (don't sell/buy imported goods from Britain)

Daughters of Liberty formed

group of women who supported colonial boycotts in their homes by not purchasing imported items > Shift to home spun cloth, drinking coffee, instead of tea,

explain British Increases Troops in the Colonies

1. As tension increases, the amount of British troops increase

2. Britian was angry at colonial opposition > increased number of troops, especially in Boston (hotbed of patriot activity)

explain Lord North's reforms

1770 new Prime Minister - colonial boycotts were really hurting the British merchants (profits cut in half)

1. North removed all taxes from Townshend Acts, except one, the tea tax - only purpose to show Parliament still had power over the colonies

2. Colonial merchants were happy again, stopped the boycotts, and people smuggled tea to avoid the tax

Explain Boston Massacre -

March 5th 1770

a. Before the colonists were informed the Townshend Acts were repealed (but after repealed) - major Boston event

b. Boston was filled with tension between the stationed troops and colonists

c. On night of March 5, outside customs house, and started taunting and yelling at a group of British soldiers, threw snow balls and rocks at them

d. yet all of the sudden, a British soldier fires a gun, confusing the other soldiers who thought there was an order to fire into the crowd, so all began to fire

e. killed 5 colonists that night including Crispus Attucks - a fugitive slave of mixed race ancestry who was recruited by the Sons of Liberty as an agitator (knew how to rile a crowd to grow angry)

i.

considered 1

st

person killed in the American Revolution

Crispus Attucks

propoganda "the bloody Massacre" from Boston massacre

Revere - a silver smith, made an engraving of the event with images, and Sam Adams took the engraving and made a poster, which was spread as propaganda

inaccurate: lined up with and order to fire (makes British look worse); all dying and bleeding

Symbolism: i.

dog = loyalty so be loyal to colonists;

dark sky over British and light over the colonists;

British building only one with name - called Butcher's Hall

explain the 1770 outspoken patriot ideas on soverignty

Ben Franklin in Pennsylvania, Patrick Henry in Virginia, Sam Adams in Massachusetts

a. began to repudiate parliamentary supremacy - reject the fact that parliament was supreme over colonies -

b. claimed equality for American assemblies (American assemblies power = Parliament)

c. claimed that they were not "distinct and separate states with the same head or sovereign the king" - argues that they are not the same as Great Britian all to be ruled by one guy > rejection of King

explain Tomas Hutchinson rejection to the outspoken radical patriots soverignty ideas

Rejected the outspoken idea of distinct, rather saying he knew "of no line that can be drawn between the supreme authority of parliament and the total independence of the colonies" - argues that there is no difference - either fully independent or fully ruled by the king for there is a LINE, no in-between

tea act 1773 why passed?

British East India Company (BEIC) in financial struggle > asked Parliament for help

a. Intended: to give BEIC advantages in colonial tea market

what did tea act of 1775 do

removed tarrifs on tea from British East India Company

allowed BEIC to sell direct to shopkeepers (no merchants)

cheap tea

reaction of colonists to tea act of 1775

cut out the business of the merchants > merchants lose $$

cut into the business of the tea smugglers

son's of liberty reaction to tea act + hutchinson reaction

decided to not allow BEIC to dock

hurchinson: forces the Sons of Liberty to back off and allows ships to dock > wants to collect tea + money

what do sons of liberty due despite hutchinson

decide to disguise themselves as Native Mohawks

board the ship then dump 45 tons of tea into harbor

why were sons of liberty disguised?

so none would be able to say who was there

why was the coercive/ intolerable acts made/ who did it

a George III wanted to punish Massachusetts due to Boston Tea Party

list all the intolerable acts

a. Port Bill - closed Boston harbor until all the tea was paid for

b. Government Act - replaced the Massachusetts government with a military government (martial law)

c. Quartering Act - colonies had to provide food and shelter for even more British soldiers

d. Justice Act - trials for royal officials in the colonies could be moved to Britian or other British colonies

i. If British official arrested in colonies, the American colonists jury would convict British every single time

ii. Colonists upset because it could allow British to get away with anything

e. All acts further angered all the colonies (beyond Massachusetts) - colonies unite in anger

explain quebec acts

Many French in Quebec, and during Protestant revolution, France remained Catholic

Goal: happy French; aimed at keeping allegiants of French Canadians to not side with the colonist

Rule:

Roman Catholicism can be practiced in Quebec (not just CoE)

Extend boundary of Quebec into the Ohio River Valley

first continental congress

adresses intolerable acts concerns

how many colonies went to the first continental congress? who didn't

12/13

Georgia - loyal governor

explain the content of the first continental congress

list of grievences asking to repeal acts/ taxes

threatens boycott

threaten to stop all exports

still hope compromise

british retaliation due to 1st continental congress

increased military with Thomas Gage as military governor of Massachusetts

explain the reasons for loyalists

feared rebellion = destory govt respect

feared violent sons of liberty

tenets who hated their patriot land lords

enslaved whose masters were patriots

southern planters who feared freedom = free slaves

members of church of england clergy

what do the colonies do in response to Gage as military governor

colonists decide to raise own protective forces: the minute men

why is Massachusetts declared to be in a state of Rebellion

bc colonists raise a militia

what was Gage ordered to do? where?

march against "rude rabble"

April 18, 1775 Concord Massachusets

send 700 troops

goal to capture colonial leaders

explain the warning that the colonial leaders were given before Gage's military march

john newmann lit lanterns in Old North Church in Boston

1 = brits take long route

2 = short route

Paul Revere, Samuel Prescott, William Dawes then ride horse back to warn

where do colonial leaders intercept Gage and the British?

Lexington, yet outnumbered, so retreat to concord

what happened with the colonists v Brits in concord?

the colonists had amassed more people able to turn Brits around at Old North Bridge forcing them back to boston

what/where was the shot heard round the world - explain significance

first shots in Lexington from the Concord Hymn by Ralph Waldo Emmerson > it was a big deal, a colony rebelling against the mother, the world will pay attention

explain the second continental congress

began philly may 1775

create continental army - official military - with george washington as head

explain the Battle at Bunker Hill (and Breed's Hill)

after 3 attacks the colonists ONLY overrun bc ran out of supplies

1,000 brit casualties

devastating victory for brits; moral victory for colonists

olive branch petition

july 1775 drafted by 2nd continental congress

asks for peace with Britian

sent directly to George III

king george III reaction to olive branch

did not accept + all colonies in state of rebellion

who did king george III hire for germany?

30,000 German mercenaries - Hessians and sent them to fight in the colonies

disadvantage of the brits vs disadvantage of the patriots

brits - hessians didnt care

colonist - patriot v loyalist conflict

after what did colonists declare independy/ first say (not declaration)

after geroge II sends mercienaries and calls them rebellious

how does patrick henry rally patriot support?

a. "Give Me Liberty or Give Me Death" speech

b. Says while speaking at Virigina convention where Virginia was deciding if they would take arms against the British (each colony itself had to vote to join/not join war)

how did Tomas Paine rally support?

a. Uses mother/child imagery to speak about colonies and Britain, saying the colonies don't need Britian anymore - much like a child grows up no longer relies on a mother

b. Says absurd a small island should rule over a large continent

who introduced independence to continental congress? when?

June 1776 - Richard Henry Lee of Virginia introduced Viriginia's resolution for independence to Continental Congress

why was the idea of independence controversial to the colonists

Because if lose - punishment as treason = death

what happened to the loyalists in the continental congress?

a. eventually withdrew and left once knew defeated- to not be involved in

who wrote the Declaration of Independence? who was the main blame? what else did he use?

Thomas Jefferson > king george III > enlightenment ideals

name the day of psychological break between colonies and king?

on July 4, 1776

how much democracy did the founding fathers want for the world

founding fathers educated, wealthy, men who believed decisions should be made by educated wealthy men

little

provisions of the articles of declaration

1 branch - legislative branch

One vote for each state

2/3 approval (9/13) for anything

To make changes (amendments) need unanimous vote

Can:

a. Declare war

b. Make peace

c. Peace treaties

d. Settle states disputes

e. Borrow money

f. Print money

g. Request money from states for defense or common welfare

what could govt NOT do under articles

Cannot:

a. Tax

b. Regulate trade - because the biggest issue with Britian

why did the founding fathers fear direct democracy and power for the common people

scared common would tax wealthy

what did the weak central govt and economy under the articles cause?

lack of tax = weak

lots of debt = no way to pay with no tax

since england no longer ruled, the proclamation line = no longer, so what did congress do with the land

plan settlement/ sell to gain money for govt

what did congress create with southwest territory from line of proclamation

a. Future States: AL, MS, KY, TN

b. Allowed slavery

northwest territory 3 land ordinaces

1784, 1785, 1787

ordinance of 1784

a. divided the region into smaller territories

b. outlined what each state had to do to apply for statehood: once population reached same population as smallest state, then they could apply for statehood