ICC Test 1

7 Imperatives

• Self Awareness = increasing understanding of our own location in larger social, political, and historical contexts

• Demographic = the changing domestic and international migration raising questions of class and religious diversity

• Economic = issues of globalization and the challenges for increased cultural understanding needed to reach the global market

• Environmental = encourages us to consider how changes in climate and ecology results in increasing intercultural contact and sometimes conflict

• Technological = gives us increasing information and increased contact with people who are similar and different from us. Increased use of communication technology also raises questions about identity and access to these technologies

• Peace = working through issues of colonialism, economic disparities, and racial, ethnic, and religious differences

• Ethical = an understanding of the universalist, relativist, and dialogic approach to ethical issues

What is culture?

A way a community come together to share beliefs, values, and practices that shape their identity and interactions.

What is your Cultural Identity?

I am Low Power Oriented, follow traditions, and being gen z

Cultural Orientations

• Orientation to Self = individualism v. collectivism

• Orientation to Power = High Power v. Low Power

• Orientation to Time = Monochronic (linear) v. Polychronic (circular)

• Direct or Indirect communication = Direct (say it as it is) v. Indirect (message implied)

• The Concept of Face = Explicitly (calling someone a liar) v. Implicitly (talking down to someone)

• Non-verbal = Body language, eye contact, smiling, tone of voice, etc.

Social Scientific

identity is created in part by the self and in part in relation to group membership

Interpretive

emphasizes the symbolic, processual nature of communication; the symbolic nature of communication means that the words we speak or the gestures we make have no inherent meaning

Critical

emphasizes the importance of societal forces in the communication process.

6 Dialectics

• Cultural Individual = we want to understand the culture of each person

• Personal Contextual = we want to understand the person in itself

• Differences Similarities = we want to understand even though we have different cultures we are similar

• Static Dynamic = Some cultural and communication patterns remain relatively constant, whereas other aspects of cultures shift over time

• History/Past Present/ Future = learn from our past to change the future

• Privilege Disadvantage = understand different cultures have privileges and disadvantages

Culture from 3 research perspectives

• Anthropologists = study culture by observing and interpreting the customs, rituals, and social behaviors of different groups. They seek to understand how culture shapes human experiences, beliefs, and identities.

• Sociologists = analyze culture by examining the social structures, institutions, and relationships that influence cultural norms and practices. They investigate how culture is created, maintained, and transformed within societies.

• Psychologists = explore culture by studying how cultural factors affect individual behavior, cognition, and emotions. They investigate the interplay between cultural context and psychological processes, such as perception, motivation, and identity formation.

Communication from 3 research perspectives

• Interpersonal Communication = focuses on the exchange of messages between individuals. It examines how people use verbal and non-verbal cues to convey meaning, build relationships, and navigate social interactions.

• Mass Communication = explores how information is disseminated to large audiences through various media channels, such as television, radio, newspapers, and the internet. Researchers analyze the effects of media on public opinion, cultural norms, and societal behavior.

• Organizational Communication = examines communication within and between organizations. It focuses on how communication processes affect organizational effectiveness, employee satisfaction, and decision-making. Researchers investigate topics such as leadership communication, team dynamics, and the impact of technology on workplace communication.

How culture influences communication

cultural groups influence the process by which the perception of reality is created and maintained

How communication reinforces culture

communication patterns that are situated socially and give voice to cultural identity

Communication as resistance

conceptualize the relationship between culture and communication

Context

created by physical/virtual/social aspects of a situation

Power

power, although potentially subtle, influences communication and creation of meaning

Types of history and power

• Political history = focus on political events

• Intellectual history = focus on the development of ideas

• Social history = understand the everyday life experiences of various groups in the past

• Absent history = we think in more complex ways about the past and the ways it influences the present and the future

• Altered history = the past is changed to fit particular worldviews and interests.

• Family history = occur at the same time as other histories but on a more personal level

Significance of history timeline

History is unified in someway (some unique and specific to individuals)

Impression management theory

how people present themselves and how they guide the impression others form of them

Individualized

the sense of an independent “I,” with sharp distinctions between the self and others

Familial

evident in many collectivistic cultures, stresses the importance of emotional connectedness to and interdependence with others

Spiritual ID

the inner spiritual reality that is realized and experienced to varying extents by people through a number of outlets

Identity Negotiation Theory

Cultural variability influences our sense of self, influences success in intercultural interactions

Role of Avowal and Ascription

• Avowal = the process by which individuals portray themselves

• Ascription = the process by which others attribute identities to them

Basic History (Quakerism)

• Founded Mid 17th century in England by George Fox

• Missionaries spread to American colonies in the mid-1650s

• William Penn founded Pennsylvania in 1681 as a Quaker haven

• Live simply

Views on slavery and woman’s movement (Quakerism)

Slavery

• Quakers were among the first to denounce slavery in the American colonies and Europe

• Quakers protested against slavery, demanded the end of the slave trade, and worked to eliminate slave-owning within their community

• Quakers played a significant role in the abolition movement in both the United Kingdom and the United States

• George Fox, John Woolman, Anthony Benezet

Woman’s Movement

• Quakers supported gender equality from the early days of the movement

• Quaker women preached, traveled, published writings, and organized the First Women's Rights Convention

• Quakers promoted education for girls, supported women's participation in various professions, and played a crucial role in the women's suffrage movement

• Margaret Fell, Lucretia Mott, and Alice Paul

Views on God/Light/Divine (Quakerism)

• "Inner light" – presence of God within every person

• Direct access to God (gather to worship in silence)

Role of clergy (Quakerism)

• Clerk = point person of a meeting (elected)

• No formal clergy

Testimonies/Core Values (SPICES) (Quackerism)

• Simplicity

• Peace

• Integrity

• Community

• Equality

• Stewardship

Lawsuit against DOJ this year regarding ICE policies

• Violation of religious rights to gather and worship without fear of immigration enforcement

Sending food to Hanoi during Vietnam War

• send $6,000 in aid to North Vietnam

• U.S. Treasury tried to block funds, but Quakers found ways to continue aid efforts

Meaning of Islam (Islam)

Submission

5 Pillars of Islam (Islam)

• Surrender

• Submission

• Obedience

• Sincerity

• Peace

6 articles of faith (Islam)

• Believe the creator is the only one

• Believe in the angels

• Believe in all books

• Believe in all the prophets

• Believe in the day of judgment

• Believe in the destiny

Gendered roles (Isalm)

Men

• Providers for the family.

• Leaders in religious and social contexts

• Dress modest (does not touch or looks at girls)

Women

• Caregivers and managers of the household

• Can work and go to school

• Dress modest (does not touch or look at men)