Philosophers and Their Ideas

These flashcards cover key concepts, ideas, and contributions of various philosophers and their works on government, rights, and society.

What does Thomas Hobbes argue about human nature in Leviathan?

People are inherently selfish and capable of harming each other to get what they want.

According to John Locke in his Two Treatises of Government, what are humans born with?

Humans are born free and equal.

What is the significance of checks and balances according to Montesquieu?

It guarantees equal power among the three branches of government: legislative, executive, and judicial.

What does Jean Jacques Rousseau's Social Contract entail?

It is an agreement between leaders and the people where individuals surrender some rights to form a collective decision (general will).

What is the main idea behind Voltaire's novel, Candide?

It critiques corruption in monarchy and emphasizes freedom and faith.

What impact did Denis Diderot have on Voltaire's thinking?

Diderot was critical of the dogma of the church and influenced modern liberal thought through his Encyclopedie.

What is Cesare Beccaria known for in relation to punishment?

He argued against the death penalty and called for just methods of punishment.

According to Mary Wollstonecraft, what do women lack?

Opportunities for adequate education, and she asserts that they are equal to men.

What was Olympe de Gouges' contribution to women's rights?

She advocated for the rights of women and family rights through her declaration of the Rights of Women and of the Female Citizen.

What concept does Adam Smith promote in economic theory?

Laissez-faire, which is the idea of free trade.