Lifespan Development Fall Midterm 2022

nature

the influence of our genetic makeup on self-development

nurture

the influence of our environment on self-development

Qualitative change

when individuals progress in developmental stages results in them becoming different than how they were earlier

quantitative change

changes in amount or intensity, but not in kind

Plasticity

the brain's ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience

Domains of Development

physical, cognitive, emotional and social

contexts of development

Fundamental markers, including cohort, socioeconomic status, culture, and gender, that shape how we develop throughout the lifespan

id

operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification

ego

operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain

superego

represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations

oral stage

the first psychosexual stage associated with the mouth, sucking, and being fed

anal stage

psychosexual stage that focuses on toilet training

phallic stage

psychosexual stage that focuses on the genitals

latent stage

the quieting of the libido from age 6 until puberty

genital stage

(puberty on) maturation of sexual interests

behaviorism

the science of behavior that focuses on observable behavior only

classical conditioning

a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

operant conditioning

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

social learning theory

Bandura's view of human development; emphasizes interaction

observational learning

learning by observing others; also called social learning

Trust vs. Mistrust

Erikson's first stage during the first year of life, infants learn to trust when they are cared for in a consistent warm manner

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

Erikson's stage in which a toddler learns to exercise will and to do things independently; failure to do so causes shame and doubt

Initiative vs. Guilt

Erikson's third stage in which the child finds independence in planning, playing and other activities

Industry vs. Inferiority

Erikson's stage between 6 and 11 years, when the child learns to be productive

identity vs. role confusion

Erikson's stage during which teenagers and young adults search for and become their true selves

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Erikson's stage in which individuals form deeply personal relationships, marry, begin families

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Erikson's stage of social development in which middle-aged people begin to devote themselves more to fulfilling one's potential and doing public service

Ego Integrity vs. Despair

(Erikson) People in late adulthood either achieve a sense of integrity of the self by accepting the lives they have lived or yield to despair that their lives cannot be relived

accomidation

adapting one's current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information

Assimilation

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

schema

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

sensorimotor stage

infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities

preoperational stage

a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

concrete operational stage

children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

formal operational stage

which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

bioecological theory

Bronfenbrenner's theory that explains development in terms of relationships between individuals and their environments, or interconnected contexts

zone of proximal development

phase of learning during which children can benefit from instruction

Scaffolding

Adjusting the support offered during a teaching session to fit the child's current level of performance

sociocultural theory

Vygotsky's theory of how contextual factors affect children's development

applied research

scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

Basic (theoretical) research

Research that tests or expands on theory, with no direct application intended.

hypothesis

A testable prediction, often implied by a theory

case study

an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

correlational study

a research project designed to discover the degree to which two variables are related to each other

experiment

A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process

self-report

a series of answers to a questionnaire that asks people to indicate the extent to which sets of statements or adjectives accurately describe their own behavior or mental state

observation

Information obtained through the senses

Longitude

researchers repeatedly examine the same individuals to detect any changes that might occur over a period of time

cross-sectional study

a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another

microgenetic study

a special type of longitudinal study in which children are tested repeatedly over a span of days or weeks

cohort-sequential study

A research method in which a cross section of the population is chosen and then each cohort is followed for a short period of time

Rights of participants

protection from harm, informed consent, privacy, knowledge of results, beneficial treatments

cell

Basic unit of life

Chromosomes

threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes

gene

A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait

DNA

A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.

monozygotic twins

identical twins formed when one zygote

dizygotic twins

twins who are produced when two separate ova are fertilized by two separate sperm at roughly the same time

genotype

genetic makeup of an organism

Phenotype

An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.

Inheritance

The process in which genetic material is passed from parents to their offspring.

sexual determination

the early developmental event that dictates whether a fetus will be male or female

germinal stage

the 2-week period of prenatal development that begins at conception

embryonic period

the period from 2 to 8 weeks after fertilization, during which the major organs and structures of the organism develop

fetal period

the time from about eight weeks after conception until the birth of the child

neurogenesis

creation of new neurons

cell migration

the movement of cells from site of origin to final location

cell differentiation

the process by which a cell becomes specialized for a specific structure or function.

Teratogens

agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

3 stages

How many stages of labor are there?

postpartum depression

a new mother's feelings of inadequacy and sadness in the days and weeks after giving birth

cephalocaudal development

the pattern of growth in which areas near the head develop earlier than areas farther from the head

proximodistal development

Pattern of development that occurs from the body core to the extremities.

Synaptogenesis

formation of synapses

synaptic pruning

a process whereby the synaptic connections in the brain that are used are preserved, and those that are not used are lost

myelination

the formation of a fatty sheath around the axons of a neuron

experience-expectant brain growth

Depends on ordinary experiences "expected" by brain for normal growth

experience-dependent brain growth

growth and refinement of established brain structures as a result of specific learning experiences that vary widely across individuals and cultures

mental representation

the ability to form internal images of objects and events

object permanence

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

sensitive care

caregiver's awareness of baby's feelings and needs, responds to them

responsive care

Reacting to the child in an appropriate manner

prelinguistic communication

communication through sounds, facial expressions, gestures, imitation, and other nonlinguistic means

joint attention

the child attends to the same object or event as the caregiver

stranger anxiety

the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age

separation anxiety

emotional distress seen in many infants when they are separated from people with whom they have formed an attachment

social referencing

reading emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation

secure attachment

a relationship in which an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver

insecure-avoidant attachment

a pattern of attachment in which an infant avoids connection with the caregiver, as when the infant seems not to care about the caregiver's presence, departure, or return

insecure-resistant attachment

An attachment type characterised by strong attachment and high anxiety. In the strange situation this is shown by high levels of stranger and separation anxiety and by resistance to be comforted at reunion.

disorganized attachment

a type of attachment that is marked by an infant's inconsistent reactions to the caregiver's departure and return

temperament

a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

obesity

having an excess amount of body fat

centration

The tendency to focus on just one feature of a problem, neglecting other important aspects.

Egocentrism

in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view

information processing theory

a perspective that compares human thinking processes, by analogy, to computer analysis of data, including sensory input, connections, stored memories, and output

confusing appearance and reality

Tendency to focus exclusively on the most striking aspects of an object

self-concept

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"

self-esteem

how much you value, respect, and feel confident about yourself

collectivistic orientation

a philosophy that promotes the notion of interdependence