English American Lit Test

American Enlightenment

Marked a shift from Puritan religious thinking to reason, science, and political independence.

Puritan Source of Truth

Divine revelation, Scripture.

Puritan Human Nature

Naturally sinful, needs salvation.

Puritan Purpose of Writing

To glorify God and express faith.

Puritan View of Nature

God's creation to glorify Him.

Puritan Goal of Education

To understand God's will.

Enlightenment Source of Truth

Human reason, science, and experience.

Enlightenment Human Nature

Naturally good and capable of improvement.

Enlightenment Purpose of Writing

To advance knowledge and improve society.

Enlightenment View of Nature

A system of laws discoverable by science.

Enlightenment Goal of Education

To develop human reason and moral judgment.

Franklin's Project of Moral Perfection

A self-improvement plan detailing a 13-week cycle of focusing on one virtue per week.

Purpose of the Project of Moral Perfection

To break bad habits and create a better self.

Process of the Project of Moral Perfection

Selected 13 virtues, focused on one virtue per week, and repeated.

Tracking System of the Project of Moral Perfection

Created charts, daily accountability, marked violations, strived for a 'clean' chart.

Franklin's Approach Reflecting Enlightenment Ideals

Rational problem solving, civic engagement, and persuasion through logic.

Franklin's Approach and Self-Discipline

The 13 virtues and mastering habits.

Franklin's Approach and Experimentation

Involves scientific methods.

Structure of Ben Franklin's Virtues List

Developed a list of 13 virtues to achieve 'moral perfection' and tracked his progress.

Lessons about Human Improvement and Moral Growth

Good habits can be cultivated through constant vigilance and systematic process of self-examination.

Franklin's Argument in Remarks Concerning the Savages of North America

Challenged the arrogant European definition of 'civilized' behavior.

Meaning of 'Civilized' Behavior

Practical and systematic practice of virtues for personal improvement and betterment of society.

Franklin's Observations on Native American Society

Critiqued colonists' intolerance by highlighting civility, orderliness, and generosity of Native Americans.

Franklin's Use of Tone and Irony

Satirical tone to criticize contemporaries by highlighting Native American hospitality.

Henry's Persuasive Purpose

To persuade his audience to prepare for war against Britain.

Henry's Persuasive Tone

Tone of passionate urgency and defiance.

Henry's Use of Ethos

Builds credibility by appealing to patriotism, honesty, and religious duty.

Henry's Use of Pathos

Stirs emotion by contrasting suffering with the hope of freedom.

Henry's Use of Logos

Presents facts and uses rhetorical questions for a logical argument.

Henry's Use of Parallelism

Creates rhythm and emphasis, making arguments memorable. (ex: we have… if we…)

Henry's Use of Allusion

References to Greek mythology and the Bible to persuade his audience. (compares George and the British as sirens with their sweet talking)

Henry's Use of Analogy

Compares peaceful submission to slavery and British promises to a trap. (chains and slavery)

Parallelism

Similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words or clauses.

Allusion

A reference to another work of literature, person, or event.

Analogy

A comparison of two different things that are similar in some way.

Henry's Sense of Urgency

Creates urgency by linking Britain's past oppression to future intentions.

Examples of Persuasive Techniques

False hope of peace, clanking chains, urgency.

Pathos

Appeal to emotion.

Logos

Appeal to logic.

Ethos

An appeal to the speaker's character, credibility, and authority.

Jefferson's Rhetorical Purpose in the Declaration of Independence

To justify separation from Great Britain and rally support.

Enlightenment Principles of Natural Rights in the Declaration

Asserts individuals have unalienable rights not granted by governments.

Enlightenment Principles of Reason

Justifies a social contract where governments derive power from consent.

Tone used to Justify Separation

Dignified, rational, and assertive.

Logical Structure to Justify Separation

Based on Enlightenment principles, particularly social contract theory.

Jefferson's Balance of Rational Argument and Emotional Appeal

Masterfully balances rational arguments with emotional appeals.

Paine's Purpose to Inspire During the Revolutionary War

Framed the conflict as a noble, divinely supported cause.

Metaphor in Paine's The Crisis, No. 1

Compares Britain to an oppressive parent and liberty to essential elements.

Analogy in The Crisis, No. 1

Compares British tyranny to slavery and a thief breaking in.

Antithesis in The Crisis, No. 1

Creates contrast between opposing ideas, like conflict and triumph.

Alliteration in The Crisis, No. 1

Repetition of initial consonant sounds for emphasis.

Paine's Appeal to Emotion

Uses charged language to evoke anger and inspire patriotism.

Paine's Appeal to Logic

Presents plain arguments using common-sense reasoning.

Paine's Appeal to Patriotism

Refutes loyalty to Britain and portrays America as a land of liberty.

Paine's Contrast of Temporary Loyalty with Enduring Commitment

Distinction between 'summer soldier'/”sunshine Patriot” and those who 'stand it now.'

Metaphor

A comparison without using like or as.

Analogy

A comparison of two different things that are similar in some way.

Antithesis

Direct opposite.

Alliteration

Repetition of initial consonant sounds.