Neurodevelopment

Name the main aspects of neuroanatomy

• spinal cord

• brain stem

• cerebellum

• diencephalon

• cerebral cortex

Name the parts of brain stem

• medulla

• pons

• midbrain

Name the parts of diencephalon

• thalamus

• basal ganglia

• hypothalamus

Name the parts of the cerebral cortex

• frontal

• parietal

• temporal

• occipital lobes

State areas in the anatomy of a neuron

• cell body

• dendrite

• axon

• synapse

What is the organiser in neural induction

specialised region to induce the nervous system

What does the ectoderm give rise to in neural induction

The neural plate

What is the neural plate

the precursor of the central and peripheral nervous systems

state the order of neural induction structures

neural plate → neural groove → neural tube

What is spemanns organiser

A specific region to induce a nervous system

• a phD work by Hilda Mangold led to a Nobel

Name the key molecules in underlying molecular mechanisms

• BMP (bone morphogenetic protein)

• BMP inhibitors

  • chordin

  • noggin

  • follistantin

What does BMP result in according to molecular logic

BMP → epidermis

BMP inhibitors from the organiser → neural induction

What does BMP inhibitors from the organiser result in according to molecular logic

BMP inhibitors from the organiser → neural induction

Name the different types of patterning of the nervous system

• rostrocaudal patterning

• dorsoventral patterning

• forebrain patterning

What is dorsoventral patterning associated with

spinal cord development

Name the regions in rostrocaudal patterning

1. forebrain

2. midbrain

3. hindbrain

4. spinal cord

Label for rostrocaudal molecules

Label for rostrocaudal molecules

Label for rostrocaudal molecules

label the patterning

What is the ventral neural tube patterned by in dorsoventral patterning

The ventral neural tube is patterned by sonic hedgehog protein secreted from the notochord floor plate.

What is the dorsal neural tube patterned by in dorsoventral patterning

The dorsal neural tube is patterned by bone morphogenetic proteins

What is the role of FGF8 in forebrain patterning

establish the rostrocaudal pattern of the cerebral cortex

What is the role of Pax6 and Emx2 in forebrain patterning

mutually represent each others expression

Give examples of progenitor cells

• neurons

• glia

fill in blanks

Name the types of proliferation

asymmteric and symmetric

What is meant by oligopotent

Progenitor cells can be several different cell types

Describe differentiation in cortical development

• neural stem cells

• radial glial cells

  • progenitor cells

    • glias (astrocytes)

    • neurons

  • molecules

    • delta-notch signalling

    • basic helix-loop helix transcription factors

What pattern does neural migration of cortical cells follow

cortical cells follow inside-first outside-last pattern of migration (inside-out)

What takes place in the ganglionic eminence (GE)

Tangential migration during neural migration of cortical cells.

• inhibitory neurons migrate into the cortex

Describe survival in neurons

not all neurons are destined to survive

• apoptosis (programmed cell death)

what are neurotrophins

• nerve growth factors

• BDNF , NT-3

receptors of neurotrophins

TrkA (tyrosine kinase)

receptors of BDNF , NT-3

TrkB, C, p75

Name the stages of synapse formation

1. establishing neuronal polarity

2. axon guidance

3. synaptogenesis

4. refining neural circuits

What is synaptic plasticity

the ability of synapses to strengthen or weaken over time, in response to increases or decreases in their activity

What are 2 types of brain disorders

• neurological diseases

• neuropsychiatric diseases

What are neurological diseases caused by

loss of neurons

what are neuropsychiatric diseases caused by

changes in neural circuits

give examples of neurological diseases

• alzeimers

• parkinsons

• stroke

give examples of neuropsychiatric diseases

• schizoprenia

• depression

• anxiety

• autism