1- Hypotonia in children - 5th year

Hypotonia is also known as __________.

floppy baby syndrome

Hypotonia leads to a decrease in __________ of muscles to passive stretching.

resistance

Weakness is defined as a decrease in __________ or strength.

muscle power

The maintenance of normal tone requires intact __________ and __________ systems.

central; peripheral nervous

A primary disorder of the axon or its myelin covering is called __________.

neuropathy

A primary disorder of the anterior horn cell body is termed __________.

neuronopathy

The most common central cause of hypotonia in young infants is __________.

hypoxic encephalopathy/cerebral palsy

Hypotonic infants may have difficulty with _________ movements.

postural

Muscle tone is defined as the __________ of muscles to passive movement.

resistance

In hypotonic infants, the head shows significant __________ when pulled to sit.

lag

The frog position is a clinical sign seen in infants with __________.

hypotonia

Normal muscle tone allows for sustained __________ against gravity.

movement

Hypotonia can occur without __________.

weakness

The ability to extend a limb beyond its normal limit is known as __________.

joint hypermobility

Hypotonia is a symptom of dysfunctions affecting the __________ and __________.

brain; spinal cord

Postural control impairment affects the ability to move against __________.

gravity

Central hypotonia accounts for __________% of cases.

60 to 80

Peripheral hypotonia accounts for __________% of cases.

15 to 30

A common neuromuscular cause of hypotonia includes __________ myopathies.

congenital

In the vertical suspension test, hypotonic infants will have their head fall __________.

forward

Hypotonic infants may exhibit __________ muscle tone.

decreased

The scarf sign test shows that hypotonic infants can pull their elbow __________ the midline.

beyond

In supine position, hypotonic infants show __________ position of limbs.

frog

The normal response during vertical suspension is head erect in __________.

midline

The __________ examines muscle tone, strength, and reflexes.

neurological examination

In hypotonia, the baby shows a __________ reaction upon being pulled to sit.

significant head lag

The horizontal suspension test shows that hypotonic infants have a head and legs that hang __________.

limply

Hypotonia can occur due to disorders affecting the __________ junction.

neuromuscular

Weak infants always have __________, but hypotonia may exist without weakness.

hypotonia

The proper functioning of the central and peripheral nervous systems is crucial for maintaining __________.

normal tone

The respiratory difficulty in hypotonic infants includes inability to __________.

cough

The inability to hold up the head in the prone position is observed in infants with __________.

hypotonia

In hypotonia, the infant may be unable to lift head and back while in __________ position.

prone

One of the clinical signs of hypotonia is the form of an inverted __________ in ventral suspension.

U shape

Neurological examination is crucial to localize the __________.

lesion

Hypotonic infants may struggle with __________ difficulty, affecting their feeding capabilities.

feeding

A primary disorder of muscle fibers is known as __________.

myopathy

The ability to raise the head along with the body during the pull to sit test is an indication of __________ tone.

normal

Difficulty in maintaining posture in hypotonic infants is due to __________ muscle tone.

decreased

A frog-like posture in infants indicates potential __________ complications.

neurological

Normal developmental milestones can be delayed in infants with __________.

hypotonia

In hypotonic infants, the joints may show signs of __________.

hypermobility

Hypotonia may suggest a central (UMN) or __________ origin (LMN).

peripheral

Hypotonia with profound weakness suggests an __________ cause.

LMN

A well-known indicator of central hypotonia includes __________ disorders in infancy and childhood.

cerebral

The __________ reaction during the vertical suspension test may indicate hypotonia in the infant.

dropped head

Infants with hypotonia typically exhibit a __________ cry.

weak

The ability to flex limbs while suspended in a horizontal position indicates __________ tone.

normal

Normal infants will demonstrate __________ movement in response to the pull to sit test.

appropriate

Hypotonia can manifest as __________ difficulties in infants when feeding.

chewing

Weakness is a symptom of __________ unit disorders.

motor

The __________ may be paralyzed with an otherwise intact diaphragm in hypotonic infants.

intercostal muscles

The first clinical sign of hypotonia is often __________ muscle tone.

decreased

According to the symptoms list, hypotonic infants may experience delayed __________.

milestones

The __________ position is an indicator of hypotonia in infant examination.

prone

In infants, significant __________ lag can create issues in the pull to sit maneuver.

head

Frog-like posture in infants indicates loss of __________ against gravity.

postural control

A sign of hypotonia is the baby being unable to maintain head erect in any __________ position.

suspension

An infant with hypotonia may fall through an examiner's hands during __________ suspension.

vertical

Symptom of hypotonia can include __________ breathing patterns.

paradoxical

The range of motion may be exaggerated due to muscle __________ in hypotonic infants.

weakness

Hypotonia can be caused by various disorders at any level of the __________ system.

nervous

The condition of showing a weak cry often accompanies hypotonia in __________.

infants