Unit56

Enlightenment

An intellectual movement in the 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing reason, individualism, and skepticism of authority, promoting natural rights and separation of powers.

Divine Right of Kings

The belief that monarchs derive their authority directly from God, meaning they are not accountable to earthly authorities.

Popular Sovereignty

The principle that government is created and sustained by the consent of the governed, a key concept in democratic revolutions.

1st, 2nd & 3rd Estates

The three social classes in pre-revolutionary France: clergy (1st), nobility (2nd), and commoners (3rd), who bore the tax burden.

National Assembly

A revolutionary assembly formed by representatives of the Third Estate in France during the French Revolution, key in abolishing the old regime.

Declaration of the Rights of Man & Citizen

A document from the French Revolution proclaiming individual rights to liberty, property, security, and asserting equality.

Louis XVI

The last King of France, whose inability to manage a financial crisis led to the French Revolution and his eventual execution.

Napoleon Bonaparte

A French military leader who became Emperor following the French Revolution, known for implementing reforms and expanding the empire.

Haitian Revolution

An anti-slavery and anti-colonial insurrection in the French colony of Saint-Domingue, leading to Haiti's independence.

Toussaint L’Ouverture

The leader of the Haitian Revolution who fought for Haiti's independence and the abolition of slavery.

Latin American Revolutions

A series of revolutionary movements in the 19th century that resulted in the independence of many Latin American countries.

Simon Bolivar

A Venezuelan leader known as 'The Liberator' for his role in the independence movements across South America.

Jose Morelos

A Mexican revolutionary leader who continued the fight for independence from Spain after Miguel Hidalgo's death.

Miguel Hidalgo

A Mexican priest who started the War of Independence in 1810 with his famous 'Grito de Dolores' call to arms.

Abolitionist Movement

A social and political campaign aimed at ending slavery and the slave trade, gaining traction in the 18th and 19th centuries.

Nationalism

A political ideology that emphasizes the interests and culture of a nation, often fostering independence movements.

Mary Wollstonecraft

An advocate for women's rights, known for her work 'A Vindication of the Rights of Woman,' arguing for equality in education.

Steam Engine

A machine that uses steam to generate power, revolutionizing industry and transportation during the Industrial Revolution.

Indian Cotton Textiles

Highly valued textiles produced in India before British colonization, which were detrimental to the local industry.

Victorian Age

The period of Queen Victoria’s reign (1837–1901), characterized by industrialization and strict social codes.

Separate Spheres

19th-century ideology that men and women have distinct social roles; men in public life and women in domestic duties.

Karl Marx

A German philosopher known for his critique of capitalism and advocacy for socialism, co-author of 'The Communist Manifesto'.

Friedrich Engels

A collaborator of Karl Marx and co-author of 'The Communist Manifesto,' who contributed to developing Marxist theory.

Adam Smith

An economist regarded as the father of modern capitalism, known for advocating free markets in 'The Wealth of Nations'.

Labour Party

A political party in the UK advocating for workers' rights and social justice, emerging in the late 19th century.

19th Century Liberalism

A political ideology promoting individual freedoms, democracy, and free markets, significantly influencing revolutions.

Proletariat

The working class, particularly those without ownership of production means, essential in Marxist theory.

Bourgeoisie

The capitalist class owning the means of production, contrasted with the working class in Marxist theory.

Socialism

An economic system advocating for collective ownership of production and distribution to achieve equality.

Capitalism

An economic system based on private ownership and the production of goods for profit in free markets.

Communism

An ideology advocating for a classless society with collective ownership of means of production.

Russian Revolution of 1905

A series of unrest leading to constitutional reform and the establishment of the Duma in response to political grievances.

Caudillos

Military or political leaders in 19th-century Latin America wielding significant personal power, often authoritarian.

Haciendas

Large estates in Latin America often resembling plantations, employing local labor forces in agriculture or mining.

Latin American Export Boom

A 19th-century economic growth period driven by increased exports of raw materials to Europe and the U.S.

Scramble for Africa

The rapid colonization of African territories by European powers during the late 19th century.

Settler Colonies

Colonies where large numbers of Europeans settled, often displacing indigenous populations.

British Raj

The period of British colonial rule over India from 1858 to 1947, characterized by direct governance.

Sepoys

Indian soldiers serving in the British colonial army, significant in the Sepoy Rebellion of 1857.

Nawabs

Regional rulers in India during the Mughal Empire and later under British colonial rule.

Indian Rebellion, 1857-1858

A major uprising against British rule in India, resulting in the end of the East India Company's power.

Apartheid

A system of racial segregation and discrimination in South Africa established by the National Party from 1948-1994.

Congo Free State / Leopold II

The territory in Central Africa, personally controlled by King Leopold II of Belgium, notorious for severe exploitation.

Berlin Conference of 1884

A meeting where European powers negotiated territorial claims in Africa, leading to the partitioning of the continent.

White Man’s Burden

A phrase suggesting the duty of Europeans to 'civilize' non-Europeans, used to justify imperialism.

Cultivation System

A colonial policy in Indonesia requiring peasants to grow cash crops for export, often leading to exploitation.

Boer War and Afrikaners

Conflicts between the British Empire and Boer settlers in South Africa, resulting in British victory.

Cash-Crop Agriculture

Farming primarily for sale and profit rather than personal consumption, often involving crops like sugar and cotton.

Western-Educated Elite

Individuals in colonized societies educated in Western institutions, often leading nationalist movements.