________ signaling occurs when ligands traverse a considerable distance between sending and receiving cells.
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Autocrine
________ signaling occurs when a cell secretes a ligand.
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cholera toxin
The ________, for example, attaches to G- protein- coupled receptors in the cell membrane, causing disturbances in a cell signaling cascade that can result in life- threatening dehydration.
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Biological systems
________ communicate with one another, share information about their surroundings, and respond to that information.
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Disruptions
________ in signal transduction pathways can have far- reaching consequences for cells.
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Hormones
________ are long- distance traveling ligands.
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G protein
________- coupled receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases are examples of receptors.
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insensitivity syndrome
Androgen ________ (AIS), in which the testosterone receptor is nonfunctional in gonadal tissue (leading it not to produce gonads), is one example of a condition induced by mutations in receptor proteins.
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chemical message
A(n) ________ or ligand is used to initiate signal transduction.
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Feedback mechanisms
________ are vital to living organisms because they allow them to adapt to changes in their surroundings while maintaining the internal environment of the cell.
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cancer cell
A(n) ________, for example, creates its own growth hormones (the ligands) that drive the ________ to expand and divide.
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Signal transduction
________ is required for important activities such as gene expression, cell growth and division, and hormone release.
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Negative feedback
________ restores a system to its initial state and aids in the maintenance of homeostasis (the maintenance of a stable state)
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Ligands
________ interact with specific target cells, which respond to the ________ presence.
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sugar levels
If blood ________ go too low, the pancreas secretes the ligand (hormone) glucagon, which encourages liver cells to break down glycogen into glucose, resulting in the release of glucose.
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Signal transduction
________ governs how a cell responds internally to an external signal.
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