earth sci finals

SOIL

Is an essential component of the Earth; it forms the pedoshpere.

PEDON and SFAIRA

"pedosphere" is derived from the Greek ___________ which means soil and ___________ which means sphere

SOIL

Is unconsolidated regolith modified over time by water,air,and organic material.

SOIL

This is the layer that supports the growth of plants.

WATER,AIR,AND ORGANIC MATERIAL

Soil is unconsolidated regolith modified over time by _________, ____________, and _______________.

REGOLITH

A soil is formed from fragments of minerals called __________?

45% mineral matter, 25% air, 25% water, and 5% organic matter

The component of soil consist of?

FERTILE SOIL

is usually composed of minerals, air, water, and organic matter.

SOIL SCIENCE

or the study of soil is concerned with soil characterization,classification,mapping,physical,chemical,hydrologic,mineralogical analysis,soil assessment,and evaluation.

EDAPHOLOGY AND PEDOLOGY

the two divisions of soil science are?

GROUND

comes from the greek word "edaphos" which means _____________?

EDAPHOLOGY

it is the study of soil as a habitat for living organisms. This division is concerned with how soil influences organisms especially plants.

PEDON

comes from the greek word _______ which means soil.

PEDOLOGY

this division involves the study of soil as a geologic entity, meaning, its formation,classification,chemistry,and morphology.

4 STEPS

How many steps are involved in soil formation?

1ST STEP: ROCK DISINTEGRATION
2ND STEP: EARLY STAGE OF SOIL
3RD STEP: SOIL SLOWLY DEVELOPS
4TH STEP: THE SOIL IS DEVELOPED TO SUPPORT THICK VEGETATION.

what are the four main steps involve in soil formation?

PARENT MATERIAL
CLIMATE
TOPOGRAPHY
BIOLOGICAL FACTORS
TIME

what are the factors that affect soil formation?

PARENT MATERIAL

It is the source of regolith. It undergoes physical and chemical changes during the process of soil formation.

RESIDUAL SOIL

When the resulting soil is found in the same place as the parent material it is called what?

TRANSPORTED SOIL

When the source of material is coming from unconsolidated deposits transported by different media, the soil formed is called?

CLIMATE

it determines how temperature and moisture vary and determines the intensity of the weathering processes.

TOPOGRAPHY

Slope and aspect affect the moisture and temperature of soil.

STEEP SLOPES

Steep ______________ facing the sun are warmer.

STEEP SOILS

Steep ______________ may be eroded and lose their topsoil as they form.

BIOLOGICAL FACTORS

Plants, animals, microorganisms, and humans affect soil formation. Animals and microorganisms mix soils and formburrows and pores.

PLANT ROOTS

open channels in the soils.

GRASS ROOTS

are fibrous near the soil surface and easily decompose, adding organic matter

TAPROOTS

open pathways through deeper layers.

TIME

is also a component for the other factors to interact with the soil. Over time, soils exhibit features that reflect the other forming factors.

SOIL TEXTURE

is defined as the relative proportion of the particle sizes in the soil, sand, silt, and clay.

SOIL

is naturally composed of a mixture of these particles and proportion of which affects other soil properties such as soil porosity and water retention.

0.05-2 mm

particle size of sandy

less than 0.002 mm

particle size of clay

0.002-0.05 mm

particle size of silt

MIXED

particle size of loam

LOW

nutrients present in sandy

HIGH

nutrients present in clay

HIGH

nutrients present in silt

HIGH

nutrients present in loam

SANDY

water in these soils drain too rapidly and dry out quickly.

CLAY

drainage of water is difficult.

SILT

promote water retention and air circulation.

LOAM

has the ability to retain water.

SANDY

these soils are acidic

CLAY

these soils are sticky when moistened and can be molded.

SILT

are often more fertile than other types of soil.

LOAM

is ideal for plant growth. These soils have better moisture and nutrient storage ability.

SOIL PROFILE

shows the sequence of soil horizons from the surface down to the underlying bedrock. It varies depending on climate, topography, rock type or parent materials, biological activity, and time.

O,A,B,C,E

Soil scientists use these capital letters to identify the soil horizons.

O

composed of loose or partly decayed organic matter.

A

is composed of mineral matter mixed with some dark organic humus.

E

some have this horizon, characterized minerals and leaching.

B

is the accumulated clay and other nutrients from the layers above it.

C

is composed of partially altered parent material.

R

use for hard bedrock, which is not soil.

HUMUS OR ORGANIC

Another name for the capital letter O

TOPSOIL

Another name for the capital letter A

ELUVIATED

Another name for the capital letter E

SUBSOIL

Another name for the capital letter B

SUBSTRATUM

Another name for the capital letter C

GELISOLS

frozen soils; found in the coldest regions on Earth

HISTOSOLS

organic wetland soils; high organic content and wet

SPONDOSOLS

cool temperate, acidic soils; sandy and acidic soils found in moist climates that often support dense forests

ANDISOLS

volcanic ash soils; composed of volcanic ash

OXISOLS

highly weathered tropical soils; very weathered and common in tropical climates

VERTISOLS

Shrinking and swelling soils; claylike soils that shrink and swell

ARDISOLS

dry land soils; very dry soils in arid regions

ULTISOLS

weathered tropical and subtropical soils; weathered soils

MOLLISOLS

grassland soils; deep and fertile soils

ALFISOLS

moderately weathered soil; moderately weathered productive soils found intemperate and humid regions

INCEPTISOLS

slightly developed soils; slightly developed, young soils found on steep slopes and mountain rangesf

ENTISOLS

undeveloped soils; Newly formed soils found in steep rock lands

ALFISOLS
ANDISOLS
ENTISOL
HISTOSOL
INCEPTISOL
MOLLISOL
OXISOL
ULTISOL
VERTISOL

What are the nine soil orders that the Philippines recognizes according to BSWM.

ORGANIC WETLAND SOILS

HISTOSOLS

VOLCANIC ASH SOILS

ANDISOLS

HIGHLY WEATHERED TROPICAL SOILS

OXISOLS

SHRINKING AND SWELLING SOILS

VERTISOLS

WEATHERED TROPICAL AND SUBTROPICAL SOILS

ULTISOLS

GRASSLAND SOILS

MOLLISOLS

MODERATELY WEATHERED SOILS

ALFISOLS

SLIGHTLY DEVELOPED SOILS

INCEPTISOLS

UNDEVELOPED SOILS

ENTISOLS

ARABILIS

Arable comes from the Latin word?

arabilis

able to be plowed

ARABLE LANDS

refer to lands that are capable of producing crops or are suited for farming.

5.7 million

how many hectares of arable lands does the Philippines have as of 2003?

38th in rank

what is the rank of the Philippines worldwide?

United States

ranks first with 174.45 million hectares

174.45 million hectares

how many hectares of arable lands does the United States have?

Laterites

Soils that are mined for their mineral content- whether it be iron, nickel, or aluminum.

Soil degradation

results in the loss of arable lands and drought and aridity.

Ecosystem services

refers to the direct and indirect contributions of ecosystems to human survival and quality of life.

Support services

include the cycling of vital nutrients, decomposition of organic material, water cycle, and production of primary materials.

Provisioning services

provide the basic needs for survival -air, water, shelter, food, and energy.

Regulating services

are benefits obtained by regulating the climate, hazards, and diseases through the process such as carbon sequestration-removal of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and storage in plants.

Cultural services

include nonmaterial benefits such as spiritual enrichment, cultural heritage, recreation, tourism, and the aesthetic experience that nature provides for humans.

Agricultural Depletion

Farming can degrade the topsoil and lead to an increase in erosion. To plant a field, a farmer must first till the soil, breaking it up and loosening it so the new plants can take root. Planting cover crops in the fall can help maintain the soil. In addition,rotating the crops planted can help return nutrients to the soil to prevent its degradation.

Overgrazing Animals

Grazing animals are animals that live on large areas of grassland. They wander over the area and eat grasses and shrubs. They can remove large amounts of the plant cover for an area. If too many animals graze the same land area, once the tips of grasses and shrubs have been eaten, they will use their hoovesto pull plants out by their roots.

Deforestation

is another practice that can greatly increase the rate of erosion in a region. One of the most important barriers to erosion is plant life, as long-lived trees and other species put down roots that literally help hold the soil together.

Mining operations

are major contributors to erosion, especially on a local level. Many mining techniques involve shifting large amounts of earth, such as strip mining or mountaintop removal.