Bio Final

Mycology

study of fungi

All fungi are what?

Eukaryotes

All fungi use?

Alternations of Generations

Fungi are more closely related to ___ than ___

animals and plants

Chitin

makes up the cell wall of fungi

Fungi are very important ___ and some are ___

Decomposers and Pathogens

Fungi are

chemoorganoheterotrophs (osmotrophs

Fungi are critical in the ___ cycle because they break down dead/living organic matter

Carbon

What are actual individual fungal organisms referred to as?

Mycelium

What makes up mycelium?

Haphae

What are hyphae?

filaments/threads that grow, reproduce, and feed

All Fungi are Osmotrophs?

YES. Hyphae release enzymes into the environment that break down any surrounding organic matter. Organic matter is then absorbed by hyphae.

Above Ground parts of fungi.

Reproductive structures, also known as "fruiting bodies". made up of modified Hyphae

Below Ground parts of Fungi.

The mycelium, made up of hyphae, which is the actual fungal organism.

Can fungal organism (Mycelium) be both small or really large?

Yes some can cover 1

Ho hyphae move organic matter they absorb to the entire mycelium?

Yes

How does a mycelium start out?

A Spore

What grows from a spore after it generates underground.

Hyphae

Mushrooms or Sporangia (above ground) are what tissues?

Diploid

Above ground diploid tissues are modified ____ and produce ___

Hyphae and Spored

How are spores (that are produced by the fruiting body) spread?

Wind, water, and animals

When do spored germinate? and what do they produce?

when soil temperature and moisture is at the right level. They produce a mycelium when they germinate.

Sporangia

(Diploid reproductive structures) variable morphology, can be used to identify species

Sporangia produce?

Haploid spored, for reproduction, which are also variable in structures.

All Fungi use?

Alternation of Generations.

Independent Haploid Gametophytes produce?

Gametes

Independent diploid sporophytes produce?

Spores

Phylum chytidiomycota ("Chytrid Fungi")

Most ancestral living fungal groupMostly aquatic, also found in wet/mucky soilzoospores & gametes swim using flagellaoften pathogens of plants, algae, and animalsLinked to global amphibian decline

Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis

causes chytridiomycosisresponsible for the worldwide decline in amphibian populations

Phylum Zygomycota

Responsible for lots of organic matter decompositionmany bread and food molds

Phylum Glomeromycota

Major plant symbionts that are only below groundhyphae grow into plant roots and grow into individual root cellsknown as Arbuscular MycorrhizaeTree Mutualism (+,+)plants get nitrogen and phosphorus from fungus which fertilizes plantfungus gets carbon from plant, used to form sugars in photosynthesis, increasing in growth and reproduction

Phylum Ascomycota

Cup/Sac Fungi

Cup/Sac fungi are made of?

Modified hyphae, and are lined with many individual sporangia (ASCI) , which are "sac

Morels

common Ascomycota, found in forested areas aroundMidwest and NE USfruiting body (above ground portion)

truffles

An expensive type of sac fungi that are used as food.Ascomycota associated with roots of particular tree species (they are mutualistic mycorrhizae).they are the fruiting bodies attached to belowground mycelium.give off strong odor detectable by hogs and dogscan not be cultivatedclimate sensitive

Blights and mildews & ergots

many pathogens, include major agricultural pests

Ergots

infects grains, causes insanity, gangrene & other problems in humans who eat it. Ergot may have caused behaviors that led to the Salem witch trials.

Yeast

(Ascomycota that lack asci)

Penicillium

produces antibiotic penicillin (fungus uses it as toxin to reduce competition with bacteria)

Aspergillus

fungus used to make miso, soy sauce, sake

Lichens

common on rocks, trees, buildings...result of a mutualism (+,+) between an Ascomycota and a green alga or cyanobacteria. Like other symbioses, they trade C and N/P, enhancing each other's growth and reproduction. Produce pigments, that were used for dyes by Irish and Scottish folks for their family tartans.
cross

Tolypocladium inflatum

ascomycete fungus (from Norwegian soil)...

Phylum Basidiomycota

Fairy rings

Oftentimes, an underground mycelium forms a circle as it grows outward

Animals evolved from

sponge

Oldest animal fossils

Dickinsonia spp. (558 Mya)

Most animals use what type of reproduction?

Sexual (fusion of gametes

Some animals reproduce by ______ reproduction, in which an organism produces an identical copy of itself

Asexual

budding reproduction

asexual reproduction form when a new individual grows off existing individual

Parthenogenesis (asexual reproduction)

Asexual reproduction in which females produce offspring from unfertilized eggs. (clones) (aphids)

What do we know about animals?

5 different animal physical and developmental characteristics

1) Does the organism have specialized/unique tissues?2) What type of body symmetry does it have?3) What type of body cavity (coelom) does the organism have associated with its tissue layers?4) What type of embryological development does organism have?5) Is the organism's body segmented?

1) Does the organism have specialized/unique tissues?

NO (Sponges, Placozoa)

2) What type of body symmetry does it have?

Radial or bilateral

3) What type of body cavity (coelom) does the organism have associated with its tissue layers?

Three different types...

Acoelomate

no body cavity

Pseudocoelomate

An animal whose body cavity is lined by tissue derived from mesoderm and endoderm. False body cavity

coelomate

true body cavity

4) What type of embryological development does organism have?

Protostome

5) Is the organism's body segmented?

PHYLUM ANNELIDA

What is a sponge wall composed of?

Spongin

What is a sponge wall covered in?

Spicules (Spines)

What is the inside of a sponge lined with?

Choanocytes

Are all sponge only found in marine, salt water systems?

No, there are a few hundred freshwater species, including at least one in Ohio

Two phyla lack specialized/unique tissues

Phylum (Ph.) Porifera

Sponges

Ph. Placozoa

Taffy Animals

All other animals have specialized?

Tissues/organs/cells

Ph. Cnidaria

TWO Cnidarian LIFE STAGES...first, the POLYP stage

TWO Cnidarian LIFE STAGES...MEDUSA stage

Regardless of life stage

ALL cnidarians have well

Jelly Fish

Very diversemostly marine and a fewfreshwater species

Irukandji jellyfish

Box jellyfishcan be deadly (5mm long) 1 meter long tentacles

immortal jellyfish

can go backand forth between immature polypstage and reproductive medusaStage

Are there freshwayer jelly fish?

yes a few and there is one in ohio which is invasive but it is native to asia (Craspedacusta sowerbii)

Portuguese Man O' Wars

Not true jellyfish, they are: SIPHONOPHORES

Sea Anemones

Corals

individual polyps living in calcium carbonate shellst hey secrete form reef complexes over millions of years

Each coral animal has a calcium carbonate shell?

Yes,

Coral Bleaching

Ph. Ctenophora (comb jellies)

Ph. Platyhelminthes

Ph. Cycliophora

Ph. Nematoda

Durofilaria Immitis

Ph. Rotifera

wheel animals

Coelomates

Ph. Mollusca

How do Ph. mollusca feed?

True or modified radula

How do squids and octopi feed?

beaks (modified radula) used for feeding

How do cone snails feed?

Have modified radula

How do clams and mussels feed?

filter feeding

Glochidia

that attach to fish &hibian gills as parasites on blood.Once developed, they drop off the host fish and develop into an adult.

Chitons

Mollusca living in marine environments

Gastropoda

Hermaphrodites

organisms that contain both female and male sex organs.

Nudibranchs (Sea slugs)

Cephalopoda

Ph. Nemertea