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What is the definition of hematemesis?
Vomiting blood.
What are the most common causes of upper GI bleeding?
Esophageal varices, peptic ulcer disease, gastric ulcers, and duodenal ulcers.
What does hematochezia indicate?
Bright red or maroon blood in the stool.
What condition can result in melena?
Digested blood leading to black, tarry, foul-smelling stool.
What is the typical presentation for cholecystitis?
Right upper quadrant pain, sometimes radiating to the right shoulder, nausea, and vomiting.
What is the most common cause of cholecystitis?
Gallstones obstructing the cystic duct.
How is appendicitis typically presented?
Sharp pain in the right lower quadrant, often followed by vomiting.
What is the difference between upper GI and lower GI bleeds in terms of hematemesis?
Hematemeis is associated only with upper GI bleeds.
What does the term 'occult bleeding' mean?
Blood that is not grossly visible in the stool but can be detected through tests.
What is the most common cause of small bowel obstruction?
Presence of adhesions, or scar tissue in the abdominal cavity.
What distinguishes a complete obstruction from a partial obstruction in the bowel?
Complete obstruction means nothing can pass through, while partial obstruction allows some movement.
What is the importance of treating appendicitis promptly?
To prevent rupture of the appendix and possible contamination of the peritoneal cavity.
In terms of GI bleeding, what does brbpr stand for?
Bright red blood per rectum.
What indicates a rapid upper GI bleed?
The presence of hematochezia, which is not very common.
What is the significance of pain occurring before vomiting in appendicitis?
It indicates appendicitis rather than bowel obstruction.
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